Abstract
All artificial bodies and all minerals have superposable images. Opposed to these are nearly all organic substances which play an important role in plant and animal life. These are asymmetric, and indeed have the kind of asymmetry in which the image is not superposable with the object.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott G, Sesti F, Splawski I, Buck M, Lehmann, Timothy K, Keating M, Goldstein S (1999) MirPl forms IKr potassium channels with HERG and is associated with cardiac arrhythmia. Cell 97:175–187
Åberg G (1972) Toxicological and local anesthetic effects of optically active isomers of two local anesthetic compounds. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 31:273–286
Ariëns E (1993) Nonchiral, homochiral and composite chiral drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:68–75
Armstrong C, Bezanilla F, Rojas E (1974) Destruction of sodium conductance inactivation in squid axons perfused with pronase. J Gen Physiol 62:375–391
Armstrong C, Hille B (1998) Voltage-gated ion channels and electrical excitability Neuron 20:371–380
Ashcroft F (1999) Ion Channels and Disease. Academic Press, San Diego
Bennett P, Valenzuela C, Chen L-Q, Kallen R (1995) On the molecular nature of the lidocaine receptor of cardiac Na+ channels: Modification of block by alterations in the α-subunit III-IV interdomain. Circ Res 77:584–592
Betz H (1990) Ligand-gated ion channels in the brain: The amino acid receptor superfamily. Neuron 5:383–392
Bezanilla F, Armstrong C (1977) Inactivation of the sodium channel. I. Sodium current experiments. J Gen Physiol 70:549–596
Bezanilla F, Stefani E (1998) Gating currents. Methods Enzymol 293:331–352
Bosch R, Gaspo R, Busch A, Lang H, Li G-R, Nattel S (1998) Effects of chromanol 293B, a selective blocker of the slow, component of the delayed rectifier K+ current, on repolarization in human and guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 38:441–450
Brown G (1986) 3H-batrachotoxinin-A benzoate binding to voltage-sensitive sodium channels: inhibition by the channel blockers tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. J Neurosci 6:2065–2070
Carmeliet E, Mugbawa K (1998) Antiarrhythmic drugs and cardiac ion channels: mechanisms of action. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 70:1–72
Catterall W (1980) Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 20:15–43
Catterall W (1988) Structure and function of voltage-sensitive ion channels. Science 242:50–61
Catterall W (1994) Molecular properties of a superfamily of plasma-membrane cation channels. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6:607–615
Chandy K, Gutman G, Grissmer S (1993) Physiological role, molecular structure and evolutionary relationships of voltage-gated potassium channels in T lymphocytes. Sem Neurosci 5:125–134
Choi K, Mossman C, Aube J, Yellen G (1993) The internal quaternary ammonium receptor site of Shaker potassium channels. Neuron 10:533–541
Clarkson C (1989) Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by RAC109 in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 65:1306–1323
Curran M, Splawski I, Timothy K, Vincent G, Green E, Keating M (1995) A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome. Cell 80:795–803
Curtis B, Catterall W (1984) Purification of the calcium antagonist receptor of the voltage-sensitive calcium channel from skeletal muscle transverse tubules. Biochemistry 23:2113–2118
Daly J, Myers C, Warnick J (1980) Levels of batrachotoxin and lack of sensitivity to its action in poison-dart frogs (Phyllobates). Science 208:1383–1385
Deal K, England S,T amkun M (1996) Molecular physiology of cardiac potassium channels. Physiol Rev 76:49–76
DeLeon M, Wang Y, Jones L, Pérez-Reyes E, Wei X, Soong T, Snutch T, Yue D (1995) Essential Ca2+-binding motif for Ca2+-sensitive inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channels. Science 270:1502–1506
Del Camino D, Holmgren M, Liu Y, Yellen G (2000) Blocker protection in the pore of a voltage-gated K+ channel and its structural implications. Nature 403:321–325
Delpón E, Valenzuela C, Pérez O, Casis O, Tamargo J (1995) Propafenone preferentially blocks the rapidly activating component of delayed rectifier K+ current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Voltage-independent and time-dependent block of the slowly activating component. Circ Res 76:223–235
Delpón E, Valenzuela C, Pérez O, Franqueza L, Gay P, Snyders D, Tamargo J (1996) Mechanisms of block of a human cloned potassium channel by the enantiomers of a new bradycardic agent: 5-16257-2 and 5-16260-2. Br J Pharmacol 117:1293–1301
Diochot S, Richard S, Baldy-Moulinier M, Nargeot J, Valmier J (1995) Dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines and benzodiazepines block N-, P/Q-and R-type calcium currents. Pflügers Arch 431:10–19
Dolly J, Parcej D (1996) Molecular properties of voltage-gated K+ channels. J Bioenerg Biomembr 28:231–253
Doyle D, Cabrai J, Pfuetzner R, Kuo A, Gulbis J, Cohen S, Chait B, MacKinnon R (1998) The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity. Science 280:69–77
Ficker E, Jarolimek W, Kiehn J, Baumann A, Brown A (1998) Molecular determinants of dofetilide block of HERG K+ channels. Circ Res 82:386–395
Floyd D, Kimball S, Krapcho J, Das J, Turk C (1992) Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 2. Structure-activity and drug metabolism studies leading to potent antihypertensive agents. Comparison with benzothiazepinones. J Med Chem 35:756–772
Franks N, Lieb W (1994) Stereospecific effects of inhalation general anesthetic optical isomers on nerve ion channels. Science 254:427–430
Franqueza L, Longobardo M, Vicente J, Delpón E, Tamkun M, Tamargo J, Snyders, Valenzuela C (1997) Molecular determinants of stereoselective bupivacaine block of hKvl.5 channels. Circ Res 81:1053–1064
Franqueza L, Valenzuela C, Delpón E, Longobardo M, Caballero R, Tamargo J (1998) Effects of propafenone and 5-hydroxy-propafenone on hKvl.5 channels. Br J Pharmacol 125:969–978
Franqueza L, Valenzuela C, Eck J, Tamkun M, Tamargo J, Snyders D (1999) Functional expression of an inactivating potassium channel (Kv4.3) in a mammalian cell line. Cardiovasc Res 41:212–219
Galper J, Catterall W (1979) Inhibition of sodium channels by D600. Mol Pharmacol 15:174–178
Gödicke J, Herzig S, Mescheder A, Steinke F (1992) Enantioselectivity of asocainol studied at different conditions: a novel approach to check the feasibility of molecular models of antiarrhythmic action. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 346:345–351
Gomez-Lagunas F, Armstrong C (1995) Inactivation in ShakerB K+ channels: a test for the number of inactivating particles on each channel. Biophys J 68:89–95
González T, Longobardo M, Caballero R, Delpón E, Sinisterra JV, Tamargo J, Valenzuela C (2001) Stereoselective effects of the enantiomers of a new local anesthetic, IQB-9302, on a human cardiac potassium channel (Kvl.5). Br J Pharmacol 132:385–392
Gristwood R, Bardsley H, Baker H, Dickens J (1994) Reduced cardiotoxicity of levobupivacaine compared with racemic bupivacaine (Marcaine): new clinical evidence. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 3:1209–1212
Gulbis J, Mann S, MacKinnon R (1999) Structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel β subunit. Cell 97:943–952
Hamill O, Marty A, Neher E, Sakmann B, Sigworth F (1981) Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches. Pflügers Archiv Eur J Physiol 391:85–100
Hartmann H, Tiedeman A, Chen S, Brown A, Kirsch G (1994) Effects of III-IV linker mutations on human heart Na+ channel inactivation gating. Circ Res 75:114–122
Heinemann S, Terlau H, Stühmer W, Imoto K, Numa S (1992) Calcium channel characteristics conferred on the sodium channel by single mutations. Nature 356: 441–443
Heginbotham L, Abramson T, MacKinnon R (1992) A functional connection between the pores of distantly related ion channels as revealed by mutant K+ channels. Science 258:1152–1155
Hering S, Savchenko A, Strubing C, Lakitsch M, Striessnig J (1993) Extracellular localization of the benzothiazepine binding domain of L-type Ca2+ channels. Mol Pharmacol 43:820–826
Herlitze S, Hockerman G, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1997) Molecular determinants of inactivation and G protein modulation in the intracellular loop connecting domains I and II of the calcium channel alpha 1A subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1512–1516
Hille B (1977) Local anesthetics: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drugreceptor reaction. J Gen Physiol 69:497–515
Hille B (1992) Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. Second edition. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA, USA
Hockerman G, Johnson B, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1995) Molecular determinants of high affinity phenylalkylamine block of L-type calcium channels. J Biol Chem 270:22119–22122
Hockerman G, Peterson B, Johnson B, Catterall W (1997a). Molecular determinants of drug binding and action on L-type calcium channels. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37:361–396
Hockerman G, Peterson B, Sharp E, Tañada T, Sheuer T, Catterall W (1997b) Construction of a high-affinity receptor site for dihydropyridine agonists and antagonists by single amino acid substitutions in a non-L-type Ca2+ channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94.T4906–14911
Hockerman G, Johnson B, Abbott M, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1997c) Molecular determinants of high affinity phenylalkylamine block of L-type calcium channels in transmembrane segment IIIS6 and the pore region of the alphal subunit. J Biol Chem 272:18759–18765
Hodgkin A, Huxley A (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol (Lond.) 117:500–544
Hondeghem L, Katzung B (1977) Time-and voltage-dependent interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs with cardiac sodium channels. Biochim Biophys Acta 472:373–398
Hoshi T, Zagotta W, Aldrich R (1990) Biophysical and molecular mechanisms of Shaker potassium channel inactivation. Science 250:533–538
Hoshi T, Zagotta W, Aldrich R (1991) Two types of inactivation in Shaker K+ channels: effects of alterations in the carboxy-terminal region. Neuron 7:547–556
Isacoff E, Jan Y, Jan L (1991) Putative receptor for the cytoplasmic inactivation gate in the Shaker K+ channel. Nature 353:86–90
Kallen R, Cohen S, Barchi R (1993) Structure, function and expression of voltagedependent sodium channels. Mol Neurobiol 7:383–428
Kohlhardt M, Fröbe U, Herzig J (1986) Modification of single cardiac Na+ channels by DPI 201-106. J Membr Biol 89:163–172
Kohlhardt M, Fichtner H (1988) Inhibitory effects of diprafenone stereoenantiomers on cardiac Na+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 156:55–62
Linford N, Cantrell A, Qu Y, Sheuer T, Catterall W (1998) Interaction of batrachotoxin with the local anesthetic receptor site in transmembrane segment IVS6 of the voltage-gated sodium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13947–13952
Longobardo M, Delpón E, Caballero R, Tamargo J, Valenzuela C (1998) Structural determinants of potency and stereoselective block of hKvl.5 channels induced by local anesthetics. Mol Pharmacol 54:162–169
Loussouarn G, Charpentier F, Mohammad-Panah R, Kunzelmann K, Baró I, Escande D (1997) KvLQTl potassium channel but not IsK is the molecular target for trans-6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chromane. Mol Pharmacol 52:1131–1136
Luduena F, Bogado E, Tullar B (1972) Optical isomers of mepivacaine and bupivacaine. Archiv Int Pharmacodyn Ther 200:359–369
MacKinnon R (1991) Determination of the subunit stoichiometry of a voltageactivated K channel. Nature 350:232–235
Mannuzzu L, Moronne M, Isacoff E (1996) Direct physical measure of conformational rearrangement underlying potassium channel gating. Science 271:213–216
McDonald T, Peltzer S, Trautwein W, Peltzer D (1994) Regulation and modulation of calcium channels in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rev 74: 365–507
Mitterdorfer J, Wang Z, Sinnegger M, Hering S, Striessnig J, Grabner M, Glossmann H (1996) Two amino acid residues in the IIIS5 segment of L-type calcium channels differentially contribute to 1,4-dihydropyridine sensitivity. J Biol Chem 271: 30330–30335
Nau C, Wang S-Y, Strichartz G, Wang G (1999a) Point mutations at N434 in D1-S6 of ?l Na+ channels modulate binding affinity and stereoselectivity of local anesthetic enantiomers. Mol Pharmacol 56:404–413
Nau C, Vogel W, Hempelmann G, Bräu M (1999b) Stereoselectivity of bupivacaine in local anesthetic-sensitive ion channels of peripheral nerve. Anesthesiology 91:786–795
Noda M, Shimuzi S, Tanabe T, Takai T, Kayano T, Ikeda T, Takahashi H, Nakayama H, Kanaoka Y, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Raftery M, Hirose T, Inayama S, Hayashida H, Miyata T, Numa S (1984) Primary structure of Electrophorus electricus sodium channel deduced from cDNA sequence. Nature 312:121–127
Norris S, King A (1997) The stereo-isomers of the anticonvulsant ARL 12495AA limit sustained repetitive and modify action potential properties of rat hippocampal neurons in Vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281:1191–1198
Papazian D, Schwarz T, Tempel B, Jan Y, Jan L (1987) Cloning of genomic and complementary DNA from Shaker, a putative potassium channels gene from Drosophila. Science 237:749–753
Papazian D, Timpe L, Jan Y, Jan L (1991) Alteration of voltage-dependence of Shaker potassium channel by mutations in the S4 sequence. Nature 349:305–310
Patton D, West J, Catterall W, Goldin A (1992) Amino acid residues required for fast Na+-channel inactivation: charge neutralization and deletions in the III-IV linker. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10905–10909
Peterson B, Johnson B, Hockerman G, Acheson M, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1997) Analysis of the dihydropyridine receptor site of L-type calcium channels by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 272:18752–18758
Peterson B, DeMaria C, Yue D (1999) Calmodulin is the Ca2+ sensor for Ca2+-dependent inactivation of L-type calcium channels. Neuron 22:549–558
Qu Y, Rogers J, Tanada T, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1995) Molecular determinants of drug access to the receptor site for antiarrhythmic drugs in the cardiac Na+ channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:11839–11843
Ragsdale D, McPhee J, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1994) Molecular determinants of statedependent block of Na+ channels by local anesthetics. Science 265:1724–1728
Ragsdale D, McPhee J, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1996) Common molecular determinants of local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant block of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9270–9275
Rampe D, Wible B, Fedida D, Dage R, Brown A (1993) Verapamil blocks a rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel cloned from human heart. Mol Pharmacol 44:642–648
Rauer H, Grissmer S (1999) The effect of deep pore mutations on the action of phenylalkylamines on the Kvl.3 channel. Br J Pharmacol 127:1065–1074
Roden D (1993) Current status of class III antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Am J Cardiol 72:44B–49B
Roden D, George A (1997) Structure and function of cardiac sodium and potassium channels. Am J Physiol 273:H511–H525
Rogawski M, Porter R (1990) Antiepileptic drugs: pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Rev 42:223–286
Romey G, Quast U, Pauron D, Frelin C, Renaud J, Lazdunski M (1987) Na+ channels as sites of action of the cardioactive agent DPI 201-106 with agonist and antagonist enantiomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:896–900
Salata J, Jurkiewicz N, Wang J, Evans B, Orme H, Sanguinetti M (1998) A novel benzodiazepine that activates cardiac slow delayed rectifier K+ currents. Mol Pharmacol 54:220–230
Sanguinetti M, Jurkiewicz N (1990) Two components of cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current. Differential sensitivity to block by class III antiarrhythmic agents. J Gen Physiol 96:195–215
Sanguinetti M, Curran M, Spector P, Zou A, Shen J, Atkinson D, Keating M (1996) Coassembly of KvLQTl and minK (IsK) to form cardiac IKs potassium channel. Nature 384:80–83
Seino S, Chen L, Seino M, Blondel O, Takeda J, Johnson J, Bell G (1992) Cloning of the alpha 1 subunit of a voltage-dependent calcium channel expressed in pancreatic beta cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:584–588
Singh B, Courtney K (1990) The classification of antiarrhythmic mechanisms of drug action: experimental and clinical consideration. In: Zipes D, Jalife J (eds) Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 882–897
Smallwood J, Robertson D, Steinberg M (1989) Electrophysiological effects of flecainide enantiomers in canine Purkinje fibres. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 339:625–629
Snyders D, Hondeghem L (1990) Effects of quinidine on the sodium current of ventricular guinea-pig myocytes: evidence for a drug-associated rested state with altered kinetics. Circ Res 66:565–579
Snyders D, Knoth K, Roberds S, Tamkun M (1992) Time-, voltage-, and statedependent block by quinidine of a cloned human cardiac potassium channel. Mol Pharmacol 41:322–330
Snyders D, Yeola S (1995) Determinants of antiarrhythmic drug action. Electrostatic and hydrophobic components of block of the human cardiac hKvl.5 channel. Circ Res 77:575–583
Snyders D (1999) Structure and function of cardiac potassium channels. Cardiovasc Res 42:377–390
Strichartz G (1987) Local Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol 81. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Striessnig J, Grabner M, Mitterdorfer J, Hering S, Sinnegger M, Glossmann H (1998) Structural basis of drug binding to L Ca2+ channels. Trend Pharmacol Sci 19: 108–115
Stimmer W, Conti F, Suzuki H, Wang X, Noda M, Yahagi N, Kubo H, Numa S (1989) Structural parts involved in activation and inactivation of the sodium channel. Nature 339:597–603
Sunami A, Dudley S, Fozzard H (1997) Sodium channel selectivity filter regulates antiarrhythmic drug binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14126–14131
Tanabe T, Takeshima H, Mikami A, Flockerzi V, Takahashi H, Kangawa K, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Hirose T, Numa S (1987) Primary structure of the receptor for calcium channel blockers from skeletal muscle. Nature 328:313–318
Terlau H, Heinemann S, Stühmer W, Pusch M, Conti F, Imoto K, Numa S (1991) Mapping the site of block by tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin of sodium channel II. FEBS Lett 293:93–96
Tricarico D, Fakler B, Spittelmeister W, Ruppersberg J, Stützel R, Franchini C, Tortorella V, Conte-Camerino D, Rudel R (1991) Stereoselective interaction of tocainide and its chiral analogs with sodium channels in human myoballs. Pfügers Arch 418:234–237
Triggle D (1991) Calcium-channel drugs: structure-function relationships and selectivity of action. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18:S1–S6
Tsien R, Lipscombe D, Madison D, Bley K, Fox A (1995) Reflections on Ca(2+)-channel diversity, 1988–1994. Trends Neurosci 18:52–54
Valenzuela C, Bennett P (1994) Gating of cardiac Na+ channels in excised membrane patches after modification by α-chymotrypsin. Biophys J 67:161–171
Valenzuela C, Snyders D, Bennett P,T amargo J, Hondeghem L (1995a) Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by bupivacaine in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circulation 92:3014–3024
Valenzuela C, Delpón E, Tamkun M, Tamargo J, Snyders D (1995b) Stereoselective block of a human cardiac potassium channel (Kvl.5) by bupivacaine enantiomers. Biophys J 69:418–427
Valenzuela C, Delpón E, Franqueza L, Gay P, Pérez O, Tamargo J, Snyders D (1996) Class III antiarrhythmic effects of zatebradine. Time-, state-, use-, and voltagedependent block of hKvl.5 channels. Circulation 94:562–570
Valenzuela C, Delpón E, Franqueza L, Gay P, Snyders D, Tamargo J (1997) Effects of ropivacaine on a potassium channel (hKvl.5) cloned from human ventricle. Anesthesiology 86:718–728
Vassilev P, Scheuer T, Catterall W (1988) Identification of an intracellular peptide segment involved in sodium channel inactivation. Science 241:1658–1661
Vaughan Williams E (1984) A classification of antiarrhythmic actions reassessed after a decade of new drugs. J Clin Pharmacol 24:129–147
Vedantham V, Cannon S (1999) The position of the fast inactivation gate during lidocaine block of voltage-gated Na+ channels. J Gen Physiol 113:7–16
Wang G, Dugas M, Ben-Armah I, Honerjager P (1990) Interaction between DPI 201-106 enantiomers at the cardiac sodium channel. Mol Pharmacol 37:17–24
Wang G, Wang S (1992) Altered stereoselectivity of cocaine and bupivacaine isomers in normal and batrachotoxin-modified Na+ channels. J Gen Physiol 100:1003–1020
Wang G, Wang, S (1994) Modification of cloned brain Na+ channels by batrachotoxin. Pfügers Archiv 427:309–316
Wang G, Wang S (1998) Point mutations in segment I-S6 render voltage-gated Na+ channels resistant to batrachotoxin. Proc Natl Sci Acad USA 95:2653–2658
Wang S, Morales M, Liu S, Strauss H, Rasmusson R (1997) Modulation of HERG affinity for E-4031 by [K+]0 and C-type inactivation. FEBS Lett 417:43–47
Wang Z, Fermini B, Nattel S (1993) Sustained depolarization-induced outward current in human atrial myocytes. Evidence for a novel delayed rectifier K+ current similar to Kvl.5 cloned channel currents. Circ Res 73:1061–1076
Wright S, Wang S-Y, Wang G (1998) Lysine point mutations in Na+ channel D4-S6 reduce inactivated channel block by local anesthetics. Mol Pharmacol 54:733–739
Yang J, Ellinor P, Sather W, Zhang J-F, Tsien R (1993) Molecular determinants of Ca selectivity and ion permeation in L-type Ca channels. Nature 366:158–161
Yang N, Horn R (1995) Evidence for voltage-dependent S4 movement in sodium channels. Neuron 15:213–218
Yang N, George A, Horn R (1996) Molecular basis of charge movement in voltagegated sodium channels. Neuron 16:113–122
Yeola S, Rich T, Uebele V,T amkun M, Snyders D (1996) Molecular analysis of a binding site for quinidine in a human cardiac delayed rectifier K+ channel: role of S6 in antiarrhythmic drug binding. Circ Res 78:1105–1114
Zhang J, Ellinor P, Aldrich R, Tsien R (1994) Molecular determinants of voltagedependent inactivation in calcium channels. Nature 372:97–100
Zhang S, Zhou Z, Gong Q, Makielski C, January C (1999) Mechanism of block and identification of the verapamil binding domain to HERG potassium channels. Circ Res 84:989–998
Zhang X, Anderson J, Fedida D (1997) Characterization of nifedipine block of the human heart delayed rectifier, hKvl.5. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281:1247–1256
Zülke R, Reuter H (1998) Ca2+-sensitive inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channels depends on multiple cytoplasmic amino acid sequences of the αiC subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3287–3294
Zülke R, Pitt G, Deisseroth K, Tsien R, Reuter H (1999) Calmodulin supports both inactivation and facilitation of L-type calcium channels. Nature 399:159–162
Zygmunt A, Maylie J (1990) Stimulation-dependent facilitation of the high threshold calcium current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. J Physiol (Lond) 428:653–671
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Valenzuela, C. (2003). Stereoselective Drug-Channel Interactions. In: Eichelbaum, M., Testa, B., Somogyi, A. (eds) Stereochemical Aspects of Drug Action and Disposition. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 153. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55842-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55842-9_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62575-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-55842-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive