Abstract
Hitherto our picture of what a solid surface looks like at the atomic level was fairly idealized. Atomic rearrangements and non-stoichiometric distributions of cations and anions were only allowed to result in relaxed or reconstructed surfaces with a defined 2D translational symmetry. In reality, invariably surfaces are found to consist of a mixture of flat regions, the so-called terraces with a certain reconstruction/relaxation but surrounded by line defects, e.g., steps, kinks, and modified by point defects (see Figs. 1.1 and 2.1). The terraces represent portions of low-index surfaces. Only extended terraces without point defects represent realizations of the ideal surfaces used as physical objects and, hence, are discussed commonly.
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Bechstedt, F. (2003). Defects. In: Principles of Surface Physics. Advanced Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55466-7_7
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