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The Greco–Roman Period

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Ancient Egyptian Beads

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Abstract

After the Macedonian conquest, Egypt was under the Greek domination for three centuries (332–30 B.C.). Ptolemaic Egypt is really a part of the Hellenistic world. Its culture shows a mixture of the remnants of the old Egyptian tradition and the recently introduced Greek elements. There was a gradual replacement of the former by the latter. When the Roman became a great power, Egypt was reduced to a Roman province, and the country remained in Roman occupation until the Arabian conquest. This Roman occupation (30 B.C.–A.D. 640) gradually destroyed the last remnants of the old Egyptian tradition. In its later phase, namely the Byzantine or Coptic period (395–640 A.D.), the culture had changed so much that it would not be recognized as Egyptian by the Dynastic people. The history of beads and other antiquities shows the same traits as the history of culture as a whole.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    William, gold and silver Jewellery, p. 44; also Eisen’s article in Art Bulletin, Quarterly of the College of Art Association, II, pp. 87–119.

  2. 2.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 137.

  3. 3.

    Petrie, Tanis I, p. 35.

  4. 4.

    Ibid., p. 34.

  5. 5.

    Gardner, Naukratis II, p. 29.

  6. 6.

    Petrie, Tanis I, p. 33.

  7. 7.

    Petrie, Objects of Daily Use, p. 3. Pl 1–5.

  8. 8.

    Eison, Lotus beads and Melon beads, p. 20.

  9. 9.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 26, Sect. 34, pl. xxvii.

  10. 10.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 137, Sect. 194, Brunton, Qau III, p. 23, pl. xlviii, 12–13.

  11. 11.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 137, Sect. 194.

  12. 12.

    Petrie, Objects of Daily Use, p. 3, no. 6.

  13. 13.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 137.

  14. 14.

    Caton-thompson, The Desert Fayum, p. 148.

  15. 15.

    Brunton, Qau III, p. 23.

  16. 16.

    Petrie, Tanis I, p. 35, pl. xii, 27–28.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., p. 33, pl. xii, 26.

  18. 18.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 137.

  19. 19.

    Petrie, Objects of Daily Use, p. 12, no. 194, pl. ix.

  20. 20.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 42, pl. xxxviii, 57.

  21. 21.

    Eisen, Lotus beads and Melon beads, p. 26.

  22. 22.

    Mond and Myers, The Bucheum, p. 128.

  23. 23.

    Petrie, Memphis I. pl. xlvii.

  24. 24.

    E.g. Petrie, Objects of Daily Use, pp. 2–3, nos. 4–5; Petrie, Tanis I, p. 33; Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 137.

  25. 25.

    E.g. Peet, Cemeteries of Abydos II, p. 96; Petrie, Dendereh, p. 32; Mond and Myers, The Bucheum, p. 128, pl. xcv, 10; and Mus. J. of Univ. of Penn, vol. viii, p. 234, Fig. 94.

  26. 26.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 26, Sect. 34, pl. xxvii.

  27. 27.

    Ibid., p. 42, pl. xxxviii, 57.

  28. 28.

    Petrie and others, Heliopolis, p. 45, Sect. 83.

  29. 29.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 60, pl. xlvii, 176; p. 62, tomb 68.

  30. 30.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 141, Tomb 1894.

  31. 31.

    Petrie, Hyksos, pl. xlvi, 144.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., p. 60, Sect. 85.

  33. 33.

    Brunton, Qau III, pp. 27–28.

  34. 34.

    Cf. Eisen, Lotus beads and Melon beads, p. 25.

  35. 35.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 142, Tomb 11713.

  36. 36.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 63, Tomb 210.

  37. 37.

    Beck, Classification, pl. 1.

  38. 38.

    Brunton, Qau III, pls. xlv, xlvi, 93 and 186.

  39. 39.

    E.g. James Curle, A Roman Frontier Post and Its people, II, p. 337, Fig. 14.

  40. 40.

    From Saft el-Henna 277, see Petrie, Hyksos, p. 39, Sect. 55.

  41. 41.

    Eisen, Characteristics of eye-beads, p. 4, and p. 20.

  42. 42.

    Brunton, Qau III, p. 27, corpus no. 176.

  43. 43.

    Cairo Museum, J 70261, published in Emery’s Royal Tombs of Fallana and Qustul, pl. 45A, nos. 17–46, Cat. no. 140.

  44. 44.

    Junker, Ermenne (1925 Vienna), p. 119, pl. xii, 142.

  45. 45.

    Emery op. cit. pl. 46D, Cat. No. 157, Cat. Cairo Museum, J70274.

  46. 46.

    Woolley and Randall MacIver, Karano, p. 75, pl. 40, nos. 7811, 7913.

  47. 47.

    Brunton, Qau III, pls. xlv–xlvi, 37–38, 69–70, 120.

  48. 48.

    Allen, A Handbook of the Egyptian Collection, p. 119.

  49. 49.

    Kisa, Das Glas, pp. 134–135; Dillon, Glass, pp. 188–189, pl. xv, 2.

  50. 50.

    Brent, On Glass Beads with a Chevron Pattern, p. 307; and Beck, Classification, p. 65, Fig. 66.

  51. 51.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 60, pl. xlvii, 165.

  52. 52.

    Beck, Etched Carnelian Beads, p. 396.

  53. 53.

    Arkell, Cambay and Beads Trade, p. 297.

  54. 54.

    Brunton, Qau III, p. 27.

  55. 55.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 62, Tomb 71, pl. xl, 71.

  56. 56.

    Petrie and others, Heliopolis, p. 38, Tomb 99, pl. xxxix, 22; and also Petrie, Objects of Daily use, p. 3, no. 11, pl. II.

  57. 57.

    Petrie, Hyksos, pl. xlvi, 144.

  58. 58.

    Petrie, Ibid., pl. xlvii.

  59. 59.

    Ibid., p. 60, Sect. 85.

  60. 60.

    Ibid., pl. xlvii, 171.

  61. 61.

    Eisen, Lotus beads and Melon beads, p. 21.

  62. 62.

    Brunton, Qau III, pp. 27–28.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., p. 27, pls. xlv–xlvi, 177 (Ptolemaic or a little later).

  64. 64.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 140, Tomb 1102.

  65. 65.

    Emery, The Royal Tombs of Ballana and Qustul, pls. 48A (Cat. No. 163) pl. 46D (Cat. No. 157) corpus no. 32 on pls. 43–44.

  66. 66.

    Brunton, Qau III, corpus no. 67.

  67. 67.

    Eisen, Lotus beads and Melon beads, p. 26.

  68. 68.

    Brunton, Qau III, pls. xlv–xlvi, 103–105.

  69. 69.

    Ibid., pls. xlv–xlvi, 163–164.

  70. 70.

    E.g. Brunton, Mostagedda, pp. 139–142; Petrie and others, Heliopolis, p. 38, pl. xxxix, 22.

  71. 71.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 139, Tomb 420; Petrie, Hyksos, p. 61.

  72. 72.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 140, Tombs 574 and 1104; Petrie and others, Heliopolis, p. 45, pl. lii, 4; petrie, Hyksos, p. 40, Tomb 439.

  73. 73.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 140, Tomb 1105.

  74. 74.

    Ibid., p. 140, Tomb 811.

  75. 75.

    Brunton, Qau III, p. 27.

  76. 76.

    Petrie, Hyksos, pp. 39–40, Tombs 291 and 439.

  77. 77.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 142, tomb 10109.

  78. 78.

    Petrie and others, Heliopolis, p. 45, pl. lii, 4.

  79. 79.

    Petrie, Hyksos, p. 40, Tomb 439.

  80. 80.

    Petrie and others, Heliopolis, p. 28, pl. xxxix, 23; Petrie, Objects of Daily Use, p. 3, no. 10, pl. II.

  81. 81.

    Brunton, Mostagedda, p. 140, Tomb 1103.

  82. 82.

    Petrie, Kahun, p. 20, Sect. 31; also Cairo Museum, J33129–33131, J33135, from the first century A.D. cemetery at Meir.

  83. 83.

    Patrie, Mawara, p. 19, Sect. 28, pl. xi; and Petrie, Roman Portraits, p. 12, Sect. 24.

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  1. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China

    Nai Xia

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Xia, N. (2014). The Greco–Roman Period. In: Ancient Egyptian Beads. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54868-0_23

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