Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Science and Art of Prescribing for Insomnia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sleep Disorders in Psychiatric Patients

Abstract

The medical management of insomnia involves medications which either enhance the sleep-promoting mechanisms or inhibit the wakefulness-promoting mechanisms of the brain. A wide range of neurotransmitters are involved in sleep-wake regulation. There are therefore, in theory, multiple pathways by which we can enhance a patient’s sleep. In practice, the licenced hypnotics focus on only a few of these pathways, but a clear understanding of the pharmacology of these drugs reveals a number of subtleties and allows for targeted and effective prescribing. Studies of the use of hypnotics in psychiatric patients are relatively limited, and one needs to utilize clinical acumen and a good understanding of the mechanisms of action of the drugs in addition to the research data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson SL, Vande Griend JP. Quetiapine for insomnia: a review of the literature. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(5):394–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asayama K, et al. Double blind study of melatonin effects on the sleep-wake rhythm, cognitive and non-cognitive functions in Alzheimer type dementia. J Nippon Med Sch. 2003;70(4):334–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avidan AY, et al. Insomnia and hypnotic use, recorded in the minimum data set, as predictors of falls and hip fractures in Michigan nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(6):955–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baandrup L, et al. Prolonged-release melatonin versus placebo for benzodiazepine discontinuation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a randomised, placebo-controlled, blinded trial. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015;17:1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baglioni C, et al. Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1–3):10–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson AN. Basic pharmacologic mechanisms involved in benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8:5–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benca RM, Peterson MJ. Insomnia and depression. Sleep Med. 2008;9(1):3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9457(08)70010–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benson KL. Sleep in schizophrenia. Sleep Med Clin. 2008;3(2):251–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger L, Belleville G, Morin C. Management of hypnotic discontinuation in chronic insomnia. Sleep Med Clin. 2009;4(4):583–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.07.011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Booth JN III, Behring M, Cantor RS, et al. Zolpidem use and motor vehicle collisions in older drivers. Sleep Med. 2016;20:98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braam W, et al. Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54(1):52–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01223.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brisbare-Roch C, Dingemanse J, Koberstein R, et al. Promotion of sleep by targeting the orexin system in rats, dogs and humans. Nat Med. 2007;13:150–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brower KJ, et al. Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism. Am J Psychiatr. 2001;158(3):399–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buysse DJ, et al. Prevalence, course, and comorbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults. Sleep. 2008;31(4):473–80. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-10110.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cajochen C, Krauchi K, Wirz-Justice A. Role of melatonin in the regulation of human circadian rhythms and sleep. J Neuroendocrinol. 2003;15:432–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali DP, et al. A double blind-placebo controlled study on melatonin efficacy to reduce anxiolytic benzodiazepine use in the elderly. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23(1):55–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cipriani G, et al. Sleep disturbances and dementia. Psychogeriatrics. 2015;15(1):65–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn T, Foster J, Peters T. Sequential studies of sleep disturbance and quality of life in abstaining alcoholics. Addict Biol. 2003;8(4):455–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Leersnyder H, et al. Beta 1-adrenergic antagonists and melatonin reset the clock and restore sleep in a circadian disorder, Smith-Magenis syndrome. J Med Genet. 2003;40(1):74–8. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1735264&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dijk DJ, von Schantz M. Timing and consolidation of human sleep, wakefulness, and performance by a symphony of oscillators. J Biol Rhythm. 2005;20:279–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott J, et al. Quetiapine monotherapy in the treatment of depressive episodes of bipolar I and II disorder: improvements in quality of life and quality of sleep. J Affect Disord. 2008;111(2–3):306–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagiolini A, et al. Rediscovering trazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(12):1033–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fava M, McCall WV, Krystal A, et al. Eszopiclone co-administered with fluoxetine in patients with insomnia coexisting with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(11):1052e60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fava M, et al. Zolpidem extended-release improves sleep and next-day symptoms in comorbid insomnia and generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(3):222–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fava M, Asnis GM, Shrivastava RK, et al. Improved insomnia symptoms and sleep-related next-day functioning in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia following concomitant zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg and escitalopram treatment: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(7):914–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine R, et al. Zopiclone and triazolam in insomnia associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled evaluation of efficacy and daytime anxiety. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;5(3):173–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann PD. Trazodone for sleep disturbance after alcohol detoxification: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32:1652.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt DJ, Legangneux E, Harmatz JS, et al. Dynamics and kinetics of a modified-release formulation of zolpidem: comparison with immediate-release standard zolpidem and placebo. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46:1469–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haffmans PMJ, et al. The effect of risperidone versus haloperidol on sleep patterns of schizophrenic patients — results of a double-blind, randomised pilot trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;11:S260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajak G, Hedner J, Eglin M, et al. A 2-week efficacy and safety study of gaboxadol and zolpidem using electronic diaries in primary insomnia outpatients. Sleep Med. 2009;10:705–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howland RH. Sleep interventions for the treatment of depression. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2011;49:17–20. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20101208–01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James SP, Mendelson WB. The use of trazodone as a hypnotic: a critical review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(6):752–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal RD. Insomnia in patients with depression: some pathophysiological and treatment considerations. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(4):309–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz D, McHorney C. The relationship between insomnia and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic illness. J Fam Pract. 2002;51(3):229–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozono A, et al. Relationship of prescribed drugs with the risk of fall in inpatients. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2016;136(5):769–76. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27150933. Accessed 5 June 2017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krystal AD, Stein MB, Szabo ST. Chapter 136 – Anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2017. p. 1341–51.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Landolt HP, Retey JV, Tonz K, et al. Caffeine attenuates waking and sleep electroencephalographic markers of sleep homeostasis in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:1933–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leufkens TRM, Vermeeren A. Zopiclone’s residual effects on actual driving performance in a standardized test: a pooled analysis of age and sex effects in 4 placebo-controlled studies. Clin Ther. 2014;36(1):141–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipinska G, Baldwin DS, Thomas KGF. Pharmacology for sleep disturbance in PTSD. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2016;31(2):156–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luthringer R, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study evaluating the effect of paliperidone extended-release tablets on sleep architecture in patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(5):299–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luyster FS, et al. Comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea: challenges for clinical practice and research. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(2):196–204.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manber R, Chambers AS. Insomnia and depression: a multifaceted interplay. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009;11(6):437–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElroy SL, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and paroxetine as monotherapy in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):163–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElroy SL, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive ramelteon in ambulatory bipolar I disorder with manic symptoms and sleep disturbance. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(1):48–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan K, et al. Psychological treatment for insomnia in the management of long-term hypnotic drug use: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53(497):923–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morin CM, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate benzodiazepine discontinuation among hypnotic-dependent patients with insomnia. Behav Ther. 1995;26(4):733–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy SM, Tyrer P. A double-blind comparison of the effects of gradual withdrawal of lorazepam, diazepam and bromazepam in benzodiazepine dependence. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158:511–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura T, Hayashi Y, Watabe H, et al. Estimation of organ cumulated activities and absorbed doses on intakes of several 11C labelled radiopharmaceuticals from external measurement with thermoluminescent dosimeters. Phys Med Biol. 1998;43:389–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naofumi K, et al. Effects of zopiclone on sleep and symptoms in schizophrenia: comparison with benzodiazepine hypnotics. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1994;18(3):477–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep. 2007;30(7):873–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neikrug AB, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep disorders in the older adult - a mini-review. Gerontology. 2010;56(2):181–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris ER, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia and mood stability in patients with euthymic bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;144(1–2):141–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nutt DJ. Death by tricyclic: the real antidepressant scandal? J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19:123–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otmani S, et al. Effects of prolonged-release melatonin and zolpidem on postural stability in older adults. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2012;27(3):270–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson LM, Wilson SJ, Nutt DJ, et al. A translational, caffeine-induced model of onset insomnia in rats and healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2007;191:943–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pigeon WR, Hegel M, Unützer J, et al. Is insomnia a perpetuating factor for late-life depression in the IMPACT cohort? Sleep. 2008;31:481–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack M, Kinrys G, Krystal A, et al. Eszopiclone co-administered with escitalopram in patients with insomnia and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(5):551–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack MH, et al. Eszopiclone for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and associated insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(7):892–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porkka-Heiskanen T, Alanko L, Kalinchuk A, et al. Adenosine and sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6:321–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quera-Salva M-A, Lemoine P, Guilleminault C. Impact of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on disturbed sleep-wake cycles in depressed patients. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2010;25(3):222–9. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373473. Accessed 9 Mar 2017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds CF III, Buysse DJ, Miller MD, et al. Paroxetine treatment of primary insomnia in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:803–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riemann D, Perlis ML. The treatments of chronic insomnia: a review of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and psychological and behavioral therapies. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(3):205–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riemann D, Voderholzer U, Cohrs S, et al. Trimipramine in primary insomnia: results of a polysomnographic double-blind controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002;35:165–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth T, Eklov SD, Drake CL, Verster JC. Meta-analysis of on the road experimental studies of hypnotics: effects of time after intake, dose, and half-life. Traffic Inj Prev. 2014;15(5):439–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saiz-Ruiz J, Cebollada A, Ibañez A. Sleep disorders in bipolar depression: hypnotics vs sedative antidepressants. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38:55–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saletu B, et al. Insomnia in generalized anxiety disorder: polysomnographic, psychometric and clinical investigations before, during and after therapy with a long- versus a short-half-life benzodiazepine (quazepam versus triazolam). Neuropsychobiology. 1994;29(2):69–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salin-Pascual RJ, Herrera-Estrella M, Galicia-Polo L, et al. Olanzapine acute administration in schizophrenic patients increases delta sleep and sleep efficiency. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:141–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels ER, Szabadi E. Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function. Part II: Physiological and pharmacological manipulations and pathological alterations of locus coeruleus activity in humans. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008;6:254–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature. 2005;437:1257–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer CB, et al. Efficacy and safety of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics for chronic insomnia in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;128(3):305–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serfaty M, et al. Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of low dose melatonin for sleep disorders in dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(12):1120–7. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/gps.760. Accessed 27 Apr 2017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shamir E, et al. Melatonin improves sleep quality of patients with chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(5):373–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan DV, et al. Effects of extended-release quetiapine fumarate on long-term functioning and sleep quality in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): data from a randomized-withdrawal, placebo-controlled maintenance study. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(3):906–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh B, Hughes AJ, Mehta G, et al. Efficacy of prazosin in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.16r01943.

  • Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Whitehead A. Tolerance and rebound insomnia with rapidly eliminated hypnotics: a meta-analysis of sleep laboratory studies. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;14:287–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl SM. Mechanism of action of trazodone: a multifunctional drug. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(10):536–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl SM. Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: prescriber’s guide. 2014. Available at: http://www.cambridge.org/ro/titles/prescribers-guide-stahls-essential-psychopharmacology-5th-edition/. Accessed 9 Mar 2017.

  • Staner L, Ertle S, Boeijinga P, et al. Next-day residual effects of hypnotics in DSM-IV primary insomnia: a driving simulator study with simultaneous electroencephalogram monitoring. Psychopharmacology. 2005;181:790–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh Kumar PN, et al. Melatonin in schizophrenic outpatients with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(2):237–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tek C, et al. The impact of eszopiclone on sleep and cognition in patients with schizophrenia and insomnia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2014;160(1):180–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trewin VF, Lawrence CJ, Veitch GB. An investigation of the association of benzodiazepines and other hypnotics with the incidence of falls in the elderly. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1992;17:129–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verster JC, van de Loo AJAE. Chapter 46 – Effects of hypnotic drugs on driving performance. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2017. p. 499–505.e3.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Voderholzer U, Riemann D, Hornyak M, et al. A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study on the polysomnographic withdrawal effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam in healthy subjects. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;251:117–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wade AG, et al. Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55–80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(10):2597–605. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1185/030079907X233098. Accessed 5 June 2017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JK. Chapter 87 – Pharmacologic treatment of insomnia: benzodiazepine receptor agonists. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2017. p. 832–841.e4.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JK, Erman M, Erwin CW, et al. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSM-III-R primary insomnia. Human Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 1998;13:191–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JK, Pollak CP, Scharf MB, et al. Lack of residual sedation following middle-of-the-night zaleplon administration in sleep maintenance insomnia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23:17–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warner MD, Dorn MR, Peabody CA. Survey on the usefulness of trazodone in patients with PTSD with insomnia or nightmares. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34(4):128–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE. Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(2):201–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson SJ, et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford, England). 2010;24(11):1577–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woznica AA, et al. The insomnia and suicide link: toward an enhanced understanding of this relationship. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;22:37–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright A, et al. The effect of melatonin on benzodiazepine discontinuation and sleep quality in adults attempting to discontinue benzodiazepines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs Aging. 2015;32(12):1009–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang Y-T, et al. Prevalence and correlates of insomnia and its impact on quality of life in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Sleep. 2009;32(1):105–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita H, et al. Influence of aging on the improvement of subjective sleep quality by atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia: comparison of middle-aged and older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13(5):377–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhabenko N, Wojnar M, Brower KJ. Prevalence and correlates of insomnia in a polish sample of alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1600–7. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22471339. Accessed 27 Apr 2017

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Sue Wilson

  2. Insomnia Clinic, Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, London, UK

    Hugh Selsick

Authors
  1. Sue Wilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hugh Selsick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sue Wilson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Insomnia Clinic, Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, London, United Kingdom

    Hugh Selsick

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wilson, S., Selsick, H. (2018). The Science and Art of Prescribing for Insomnia. In: Selsick, H. (eds) Sleep Disorders in Psychiatric Patients. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54836-9_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54836-9_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-54835-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-54836-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation