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Overview of the Development of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord

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Clinical Neuroembryology

Abstract

The development of the human brain and spinal cord may be divided into several phases, each of which is characterized by particular developmental disorders. After implantation, formation and separation of the germ layers occur, followed by dorsal and ventral induction phases, and phases of neurogenesis, migration, organization and myelination. With the transvaginal ultrasound technique a detailed description of the living embryo and fetus has become possible. With magnetic resonance imaging fetal development of the brain can now be studied in detail from about the beginning of the second half of pregnancy. In recent years, much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms by which the central nervous system (CNS) develops, and also in our understanding of its major developmental disorders, such as neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, microcephaly and neuronal migration disorders. Molecular genetic data, that explain programming of development aetiologically, can now be incorporated.

In this chapter an overview is presented of (1) major stages in the development of the human CNS (Sect. 1.2), (2) the first three weeks of development (Sect. 1.3), (3) neurulation (Sect. 1.4), (4) development of the spinal cord (Sect. 1.5), (5) pattern formation of the brain (Sect. 1.6), (6) early development of the brain (Sect. 1.7), (7) fetal development of the brain (Sect. 1.8), (8) development of the meninges and choroid plexuses (Sect. 1.9), (9) development of the blood supply of the brain (Sect. 1.10), and (10) development of fibre tracts (Sect. 1.11).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 935 Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands

    Hans J. ten Donkelaar M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan

    Shigehito Yamada M.D., Ph.D.

  3. Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

    Kohei Shiota M.D., Ph.D.

  4. Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan

    Kohei Shiota M.D., Ph.D.

  5. Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre, 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands

    Ton van der Vliet M.D.

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  2. Shigehito Yamada M.D., Ph.D.
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ten Donkelaar, H.J., Yamada, S., Shiota, K., van der Vliet, T. (2014). Overview of the Development of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord. In: Clinical Neuroembryology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54687-7_1

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