Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Dog’s-Eye View of Canine Cognition

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior

Abstract

In this chapter we attempt to put the dog back at the heart of dog cognition studies. We identify that the majority of dogs are not first-world pets, dependent on their owners for the fulfillment of all essential needs, and acting as their “best friends.” Rather most dogs are scavengers on the periphery of people’s lives. These dogs are more likely to avoid human contact than seek it. The sensitivity of pet dogs to human actions and intentions that has been a major focus of recent research is unlikely to be a special adaptation or case of co-evolution, but rather is the expression of basic processes of conditioning as well as social and biological traits that domesticated and wild canids share. In individuals that have been socialized to humans and rendered completely dependent on them these processes lead to high levels of sensitivity to human actions. The fundamental differences between dog and wolf behavior lie at more basic levels: in the processes of socialization, in foraging, and in reproduction. Small but crucial intertwined changes led to an animal that is (1) more promiscuous than any other canid, (2) can reproduce more rapidly, and (3) is a much less effective hunter but (4) more efficient scavenger than other canids. The indirect consequences of these changes include the fact that we have dogs and not wolves resting at our feet. Though it may be a little less flattering to the human species, we believe this perspective on dogs is at least as fascinating and closer to the historical truth than the story that humans created dogs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • APPMA. (2008). Industry statistics and trends. American Pet Products Manufacturers Association. Retrieved from http://www.appma.org

  • Barrera, G., Jakovcevic, G., Elgier, A. M., Mustaca, A., et al. (2010). Responses of shelter and pet dogs to an unknown human. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 5, 339–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. M. (1973). The Ecology of Stray Dogs: A Study of Free-ranging Urban Animals. Lafayette: Purdue University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bensky, M. K., Gosling, S. D., & Sinn, D. L. (2013). The world from a dog’s view: A comprehensive review of dog cognition research. In H. J. Brockmann (Ed.), Advances in the study of behavior, Vol 45, Amsterdam: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentosela, M., Barrera, G., Jakovcevic, A., Elgier, A. M., & Mustaca, A. E. (2008). Effect of reinforcement, reinforcer omission and extinction on a communicative response in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Behavioural Processes, 78, 464–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, M., & Dunbar, I. (1983). The social behaviour of free-ranging suburban dogs. Applied Animal Ethology, 10, 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boitani, L., & Ciucci, P. (1995). Comparative social ecology of feral dogs and wolves. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 7, 49–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boitani, L., Francisci, F., Ciucci, P., & Andreoli, G. (1995). Population biology and ecology of feral dogs in central Italy. In J. Serpell (Ed.) The domestic dog: Its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräuer, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2004). Visual perspective taking in dogs (Canis familiaris) in the presence of barriers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 88, 299–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Call, J., Bräuer, J, Kaminski, J., & Tomasello, M. (2003). Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are sensitive to the attentional state of humans. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117, 257–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J.J ., Ashton, C., Bishop, S., West, R., Mills, D.S., & Young, R.J. (2003). Clever hounds: Social cognition in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 81, 229–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppinger, R., & Coppinger, L. (2001). Dogs: A startling new understanding of canine origin, behavior and evolution. New York: Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, T. J. (1983). The social organization of free-ranging urban dogs: Non-estrous social behavior. Applied Animal Ethology, 10, 341–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, T. J., & Bekoff, M. (1989). Population and social biology of free-ranging dogs, Canis familiaris. Journal of Mammalogy, 70, 754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgier, A. M., Jakovcevic, A., Mustaca, A. E., & Bentosela, M. (2009). Learning and owner-stranger effects on interspecific communication in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Behavioural Processes, 81, 44–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, O., & King, J. A. (1960). Effect of early food deprivation upon later consummatory behavior in puppies. Psychological Reports, 6, 391–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fentress, J. C. (1967). Observations on the behavioral development of a hand-reared male timber wolf. American Zoologist, 7, 339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuerbacher, E. N., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2011). A history of dogs as subjects in North American experimental psychological research. Comparative Cognition and Behaviour Reviews, 6, 46–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuerbacher, E. N., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2012). Relative efficacy of human social interaction and food as reinforcers for domestic dogs and hand-reared wolves. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour, 98, 105–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuerbacher, E. N. & Wynne, C. D. L. (in prep). Most domestic dogs’ (Canis lupus familiaris) prefer food to petting: Population differences and schedule effects in concurrent choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuerbacher, E. N. & Wynne, C. D. L. (in prep). Domestic dogs’ (Canis lupus familiaris) preference for human social interaction in a single-alternative choice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonberg, E., Kostarczyk, E., Prechtl, J. (1981). Training of instrumental responses in dogs socially reinforced by humans. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Sciences, 16, 183–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. W. (1964). The ontogeny of behaviour and neurologic responses in the dog. Animal Behaviour, 12, 301–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, H., & Frank, M. G. (1982). On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior. Applied Animal Ethology, 8, 507–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, H., & Frank, M. (1987). The University of Michigan canine information-processing project 1979–1981, In H. Frank (Ed.) Man and wolf: Advances, issues, and problems in captive wolf and wolf-poodle hybrids. Dordrecht: W. Junk Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, H., Hasselbach, L. M., & Littleton, D. M. (1987). Socialized vs. unsocialized wolves (Canis lupus) in experimental research. In M. W. Fox & L. D. Mickley (Eds.) Advances in animal welfare science (pp. 33–49). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, D. G., King, J. A., & Elliot, O. (1960). Critical period in the social development of dogs. Science, 133, 1016–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuzawa, M., & Hayashi, N. (2013). Comparison of 3 different reinforcements of learning in dogs (Canis familiaris). Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(4), 221–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gácsi, M., Miklósi, Á., Varga, O., Topal, J., & Csanyi, V. (2004). Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human’s attention. Animal Cognition, 7, 144–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gácsi, M., Gyóri, B., Miklósi, A., Virányi, Z., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., et al. (2005). Species-specific differences and similarities in the behavior of hand-raised dog and wolf pups in social situations with humans. Developmental Psychobiology, 47, 111–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gácsi, M., Gyori, B., Viranyi, Z., Kubinyi, E., Range, F., Belenyi, B., et al. (2009a). Explaining dog wolf differences in utilizing human pointing gestures: Selection for synergistic shifts in the development of some social skills. PLoS ONE, 4(8), e6584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gácsi, M., Kara, E., Belenyi, B., Topal, J., & Miklósi, Á. (2009b). The effect of development and individual differences in pointing comprehension of dogs. Animal Cognition, 12, 471–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantt, W. H., Newton, J. E. O., Royer, F. L., et al. (1966). Effect of person. Conditioned Reflex, 1, 146–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, J., Sacks, J. J., White, D., & Kresnow, M.-J. (2008). Dog bites: Still a problem? Injury Prevention, 14, 296–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gipson, P. S., Gipson, I. K., & Sealander, J. A. (1975). Reproductive biology of wild Canis (Canidae) in Arkansas. Journal of Mammalogy, 56, 605–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giret, N., Miklósi, Á., Kreutzer, M., & Bovet, D. (2008). Use of experimenter-given cues by African gray parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Animal Cognition,12, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giret, N., Miklósi, Á., Kreutzer, M., & Bovet, D. (2009). Use of experimenter-given cues by African gray parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Animal Cognition, 12(1), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, B., Choudhuri, D. K., & Pal, B. (1984/85). Some aspects of the sexual behaviour of stray dogs, Canis familiaris. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 13, 113–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, N. J., Udell, M. A. R., Dorey, N. R., Walsh, A. L., & Wynne, C. D. L (2011). Megachiropteran bats (Pteropus) utilize human referential stimuli to locate hidden food. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 125, 341–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare B., Brown, M., Williamson, C., & Tomasello, M. (2002). The Domestication of Social Cognition in Dogs. Science, 298, 1634–1636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, B., Plyusnina, I., Ignacio, N., Schepina, O., Stepika, A., Wrangham, R., et al. (2005). Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication. Current Biology, 15, 226–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, B., & Woods, V. (2013). The genius of dogs. New York: Dutton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F., & Zimmerman, R. R. (1959). Affectional responses in the infant monkey. Science, 130, 421–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A. (2012). Fair is fine, but more is better: Limits to inequity aversion in the domestic dog. Social Justice Research, 25, 195–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, F. H., Paquet, P. C., Ryon, J., & Fentress, J. C. (1982). Monogamy in wolves: A review of the evidence. In F.H. Harrington and P.C. Paquet (Eds.), Wolves of the world (pp. 209–222). New Jersey: Noyes Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Igel, G. J., & Calvin, A. D. (1960). The development of affectional responses in infant dogs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 53, 302–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinghammer, E., & Goodmann, P. A. (1987). Socialization and management of wolves in captivity. In H. Frank (Ed.) Man and wolf: Advances, issues, and problems in captive wolf research. Dordrecht: W. Junk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhne, F., Hößler, J. C., & Struwe, R. (2012). Effects of human-dog familiarity on dogs’ behavioural responses to petting. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 142, 176–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laveaux, J. C., & King of Prussia, F. (1789). The life of Frederick the Second, King of Prussia: To which are Added Observations, Authentic Documents, and a Variety of Anecdotes. London: J. Derbett.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord, K. (2013). A comparison of the sensory development of wolves (Canis lupus lupus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Ethology, 119, 110–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord, K., Feinstein, M., Smith, B., & Coppinger, C. (2013). Variation in reproductive traits of members of the genus Canis with special attention to the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Behavioural Processes, 92, 131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J. J., & Gantt, H. W. (1968). The heart rate component of the social reflex in dogs: The conditional effects of petting and person. Conditioned Reflex, 3, 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J. J. (1987). W. Horsley Gantt’s effect of person. In F.J. McGuigan & T. A. Ban (Eds.) Critical issues in psychology, psychiatry, and physiology: A memorial to W. Horsley Gantt, (pp 93–106). Amsterdam: Gordon and Beach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, D. W., & Carr, G. M., (1995). Variation in dog society: Between resource dispersion and social flux. In J. Serpell, (Ed.) The domestic dog: Its evolution, behaviour, and interactions with people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntire, R., & Colley, T. A. (1967). Social reinforcement in the dog. Psychological Reports, 20, 843–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mech, L. D., Wolf, P. C., & Packard, J. M. (1999). Regurgitative food transfer among wild wolves. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 1192–1195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mech, L. D. (1970). The wolf: The ecology and behavior of an endangered species. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklósi, Á., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Gácsi, M., Virányi, Z., & Csányi, V. (2003). A simple reason for a big difference: Wolves do not look back at humans, but dogs do. Current Biology, 13, 763–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklósi, Á., Polgárdi, R., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (1998). Use of experimenter-given cues in dogs. Animal Cogition, 1, 113–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklósi, Á., Polgárdi, R., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2000). Intentional behaviour in dog-human communication: An experimental analysis of “showing” behaviour in the dog. Animal Cognition, 3, 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklósi, Á., & Soproni, K. (2006). A comparative analysis of animals’ understanding of the human pointing gesture. Animal Cognition, 9, 81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miklosi, A. (2009). Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odendaal, J. S .J., & Meintjes, R. A. (2003). Neurophysiological correlates of affiliative behavior between humans and dogs. Veterinary Journal, 165, 296–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortolani, A., Vernooij, H., & Coppinger, R. (2009). Ethiopian village dogs: Behavioural responses to a stranger’s approach. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 119, 210–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pack, A. A., & Herman, L. M. (2004). Bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referent of both static and dynamic human gazing and pointing in an object-choice task. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 118, 160–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Packard, J. M. (2003). Wolf behavior: Reproductive, social, and intelligent. In D. Mech, & L. Boitani (Eds.) Wolves: Behavior, ecology, and conservation (pp. 35–65). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal, S. K. (2008). Maturation and development of social behaviour during early ontogeny in free-ranging dog puppies in West Bengal, India. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 111, 95–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal, S. K., Ghosh, B., & Roy, S. (1998.) Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) in relation to season, sex and age. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 59, 331–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I. P. (1928). Lectures on conditioned reflexes (trans Gantt WH). New York: International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilley, J. W., & Reid, A. K. (2011). Border collie comprehends object names as verbal referents. Behavioural Processes, 86, 184–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pongracz, P., Miklosi, A., Kubinyi, E., Gurobi, K., Topall, J., & Csanyi, V. (2001). Social learning in dogs: The effect of a human demonstrator on the performance of dogs in a detour task. Animal Behaviour, 62(6), 1109–1117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Range, F., & Virányi, Z. (2011). Development of gaze following abilities in wolves (Canis lupus). PloS One, 6(2), e16888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, P. J. (2009). Adapting to the human world: Dogs’ responsiveness to our social cues. Behavioural Processes, 80, 325–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheingold, H. L. (1963). Maternal behavior in the dog. In H.L. Rheingold (Ed.), Maternal behavior in mammals (pp. 169–202). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedel, J., Schumann, K., Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2008). The early ontogeny of human-dog communication. Animal Behaviour, 75, 1003–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheumann, M., & Call, J. (2004). The use of experimenter-given cues by South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus). Animal Cognition, 7, 224–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleidt, W., & Schalter, M. (2003). Co-evolution of humans and canids: An alternative view of dog domestication: Homo Homini Lupus? Evolution & Cognition, 9, 57–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schloegl, C., Kotrschal, K., & Bugnyar, T. (2007). Do common ravens (Corvus corax) rely on human or conspecific gaze cues to detect hidden food? Animal Cognition, 11, 231–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schloegl, C., Kotrschal, K., & Bugnyar, T. (2008). Modifying the object-choice task: Is the way you look important for ravens? Behavioural Processes, 77(1), 61–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. P., & Fuller, J. L. (1965). Genetics and the social behavior of the dog. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soproni, K., Miklósi, A., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2001). Comprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familiaris). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 115, 122–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soproni, K., Miklósi, A., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2002). Dogs’ (Canis familiaris) responsiveness to human pointing gestures. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 116, 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smet, A.F., & Byrne, R.W. (2013). African elephants can use human pointing cues to find hidden food. Current Biology, 23, 2033–2037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Topál, J., Gácsi, M., Miklósi, Á., Virányi, Z., Kubinyi, E., & Csányi,V. (2005). Attachment to humans: A comparative study on hand-reared wolves and differently socialized dog puppies. Animal Behaviour, 70, 1367–1375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Topál, J., Byrne, R. W., Miklósi, Á., & Csányi, V. (2006). Reproducing human actions and action sequences: Do as I do! in a dog. Animal Cognition, 9(4), 355–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2008a). Wolves outperform dogs in following human social cues. Animal Behaviour, 76, 1767–1773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2010a). What did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs’ sensitivity to C.D.L actions. Biological Reviews, 85, 327–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2010b). The performance of stray dogs (Canis familiaris) living in a shelter on human-guided object-choice tasks. Animal Behaviour, 79, 717–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2011). Can your dog read your mind? Understanding the causes of canine perspective taking. Learning & Behavior, 39, 289–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, Giglio, R. F., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2008b). Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) use human gestures but not nonhuman tokens to find hidden food. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 84–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, Hall, N. J., Morrison, J., Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2013). Point topography and within-session learning are important predictors of pet dogs’ (Canis lupus familiaris) performance on human guided tasks. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 5, 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, Spencer, J. M., Dorey, N. R., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2012). Human-socialized wolves follow diverse human gestures… and they may not be alone. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 25, 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, & Wynne, C. D. L. (2008). A review of domestic dogs’ (Canis familiaris) human-like behaviors: Or why behavior analysts should stop worrying and love their dogs. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 89, 247–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udell, M. A. R, & Wynne, C. D. L (2010). Ontogeny and phylogeny: Both are essential to human-sensitive behaviour in the genus Canis. Animal Behaviour, 79, e9–e14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virányi, Z., Gácsi, M., Kubinyi, E., Topál, J., Belényi, B., Ujfalussy, et al. (2008). Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). Animal Cognition, 11, 373–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Bayern, A. M. P., & Emery,. N. J. (2009). Jackdaws respond to human attentional states and communicative cues in different contexts. Current Biology, 19, 602–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation (2005). WHO expert consultation on rabies: First report. WHO Technical Report Series, 931. World Health Organisation. Geneva Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimen, E. (1987) Ontogeny of approach and flight behavior toward humans in wolves, poodles and wolf-poodle hybrids. In H. Frank (Ed.), Man and wolf (pp. 275–292). Dordrecht: W. Junk Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Monique A. R. Udell

  2. Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA

    Kathryn Lord

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Erica N. Feuerbacher

  4. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Clive D. L. Wynne

Authors
  1. Monique A. R. Udell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kathryn Lord
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Erica N. Feuerbacher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Clive D. L. Wynne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clive D. L. Wynne .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Columbia University Barnard College, New York, New York, USA

    Alexandra Horowitz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Udell, M.A., Lord, K., Feuerbacher, E.N., Wynne, C.D. (2014). A Dog’s-Eye View of Canine Cognition. In: Horowitz, A. (eds) Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation