Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Marine Microalgae

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Marine microalgae, the largest primary producer in the marine system, have been attracting wide attention as potential resources of new metabolites and biofuels. Whole genome sequencing and genetic modifications of microalgae have been rapidly advancing during the last few decades. In this chapter, the diversity of marine microalgae, the microalgal natural components, and the biotechnologies associated with microalgae are reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 269.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 349.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AAR:

acyl–acyl carrier protein reductase

ACCase:

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

ACP:

acyl–acyl carrier protein

ADO:

aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase

C12-TE:

Cinnamomum camphora

C14-TE:

Umbellularia californica

CoA:

coenzyme A

DHA:

docosahexaenoic acid

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

EPA:

eicosapentaenoic acid

FAME:

fatty acid methyl ester

NCBI:

National Center for Biotechnology Information

PHA:

polyhydroxyalkanoate

PSII:

photosystem II

PSI:

photosystem I

PUFA:

polyunsaturated fatty acid

RNAi:

RNA interference

T-DNA:

transfer DNA

TAG:

triacylglycerol

UTR:

untranslated region

rRNA:

ribosomal RNA

References

  1. C.S. Ting, G. Rocap, J. King, S.W. Chisholm: Cyanobacterial photosynthesis in the oceans: The origins and significance of divergent light-harvesting strategies, Trends Microbiol. 10, 134–142 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Miyashita, K. Adachi, N. Kurano, H. Ikemoto, M. Chihara, S. Miyachi: Pigment composition of a novel oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote containing chlorophyll d as the major chlorophyll, Plant Cell. Physiol. 38, 274–281 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R.M.M. Abed, S. Dobretsov, K. Sudesh: Applications of cyanobacteria in biotechnology, J. Appl. Microbiol. 106, 1–12 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A.M. Burja, B. Banaigs, E. Abou-Mansour, J.G. Burgess, P.C. Wright: Marine cyanobacteria – A prolific source of natural products, Tetrahedron 57, 9347–9377 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Takeyama, T. Matsunaga: Production of Useful Materials from Marine Microalgae (Oxford IBH Publishing, New Delhi 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  6. S.W.G. Fehler, R.J. Light: Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons in Anabaena variabilis Incorporation of [methyl-14C] and [methyl-2H2] methionine into 7- and 8-methyl-heptadecanes, Biochemistry 9, 418–422 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P.P. Peralta-Yahya, F.Z. Zhang, S.B. del Cardayre, J.D. Keasling: Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels, Nature 488, 320–328 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Schirmer, M.A. Rude, X.Z. Li, E. Popova, S.B. del Cardayre: Microbial biosynthesis of alkanes, Science 329, 559–562 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J.E. Boynton, N.W. Gillham, E.H. Harris, J.P. Hosler, A.M. Johnson, A.R. Jones, B.L. Randolphanderson, D. Robertson, T.M. Klein, K.B. Shark, J.C. Sanford: Chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas with high-velocity microprojectiles, Science 240, 1534–1538 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. K.E. Apt, P.W. Behrens: Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology, J. Phycol. 35, 215–226 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Yuki, S. Koji, N. Noriyuki, M. Naoki, M. Tadashi: Production of Γ-linolenic acid from the marine green alga Chlorella sp. NKG 042401, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 107, 163–167 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. G.H. Wikfors, M. Ohno: Impact of algal research in aquaculture, J. Phycol. 37, 968–974 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. M.A. Borowitzka: Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints, J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 393–401 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. T. Lebeau, J.M. Robert: Diatom cultivation and biotechnologically relevant products. Part I: Cultivation at various scales, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 612–623 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Lebeau, J.M. Robert: Diatom cultivation and biotechnologically relevant products. Part II: Current and putative products, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 624–632 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Z.Y. Wen, F. Chen: Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae, Biotechnol. Adv. 21, 273–294 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M.R. Brown: Nutritional value and use of microalgae in aquaculture, Avances en Nutrición Acuícola VI, Mem. VI Simp. Int. Nutr. Acuícola 3, 281–292 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  18. J.G. Burgess, K. Iwamoto, Y. Miura, H. Takano, T. Matsunaga: An optical-fiber photobioreactor for enhanced production of the marine unicellular alga Isochrysis aff. Galbana T-Iso (UTEX-LB-2307) rich in docosahexaenoic acid, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39, 456–459 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Takeyama, K. Iwamoto, S. Hata, H. Takano, T. Matsunaga: DHA enrichment of rotifers: A simple two-step culture using the unicellular algae Chlorella regularis and Isochrysis galbana, J. Mar. Biotechnol. 3, 244–247 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S.R. Santos, R.A. Kinzie, K. Sakai, M.A. Coffroth: Molecular characterization of nuclear small subunit (ISS)-RDNA pseudogenes in a symbiotic dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium, Dinophyta), J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50, 417–421 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. H.J. Tripp, S.R. Bench, K.A. Turk, R.A. Foster, B.A. Desany, F. Niazi, J.P. Affourtit, J.P. Zehr: Metabolic streamlining in an open-ocean nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Nature 464, 90–94 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. P.M. Shih, D.Y. Wu, A. Latifi, S.D. Axen, D.P. Fewer, E. Talla, A. Calteau, F. Cai, N.T. de Marsac, R. Rippka, M. Herdman, K. Sivonen, T. Coursin, T. Laurent, L. Goodwin, M. Nolan, K.W. Davenport, C.S. Han, E.M. Rubin, J.A. Eisen, T. Woyke, M. Gugger, C.A. Kerfeld: Improving the coverage of the cyanobacterial phylum using diversity-driven genome sequencing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 1053–1058 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Griese, C. Lange, J. Soppa: Ploidy in cyanobacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 323, 124–131 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. E.V. Armbrust, J.A. Berges, C. Bowler, B.R. Green, D. Martinez, N.H. Putnam, S.G. Zhou, A.E. Allen, K.E. Apt, M. Bechner, M.A. Brzezinski, B.K. Chaal, A. Chiovitti, A.K. Davis, M.S. Demarest, J.C. Detter, T. Glavina, D. Goodstein, M.Z. Hadi, U. Hellsten, M. Hildebrand, B.D. Jenkins, J. Jurka, V.V. Kapitonov, N. Kroger, W.W.Y. Lau, T.W. Lane, F.W. Larimer, J.C. Lippmeier, S. Lucas, M. Medina, A. Montsant, M. Obornik, M.S. Parker, B. Palenik, G.J. Pazour, P.M. Richardson, T.A. Rynearson, M.A. Saito, D.C. Schwartz, K. Thamatrakoln, K. Valentin, A. Vardi, F.P. Wilkerson, D.S. Rokhsar: The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: Ecology, evolution, and metabolism, Science 306, 79–86 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C. Bowler, A.E. Allen, J.H. Badger, J. Grimwood, K. Jabbari, A. Kuo, U. Maheswari, C. Martens, F. Maumus, R.P. Otillar, E. Rayko, A. Salamov, K. Vandepoele, B. Beszteri, A. Gruber, M. Heijde, M. Katinka, T. Mock, K. Valentin, F. Verret, J.A. Berges, C. Brownlee, J.P. Cadoret, A. Chiovitti, C.J. Choi, S. Coesel, A. De Martino, J.C. Detter, C. Durkin, A. Falciatore, J. Fournet, M. Haruta, M.J.J. Huysman, B.D. Jenkins, K. Jiroutova, R.E. Jorgensen, Y. Joubert, A. Kaplan, N. Kroger, P.G. Kroth, J. La Roche, E. Lindquist, M. Lommer, V. Martin-Jezequel, P.J. Lopez, S. Lucas, M. Mangogna, K. McGinnis, L.K. Medlin, A. Montsant, M.P. Oudot-Le Secq, C. Napoli, M. Obornik, M.S. Parker, J.L. Petit, B.M. Porcel, N. Poulsen, M. Robison, L. Rychlewski, T.A. Rynearson, J. Schmutz, H. Shapiro, M. Siaut, M. Stanley, M.R. Sussman, A.R. Taylor, A. Vardi, P. von Dassow, W. Vyverman, A. Willis, L.S. Wyrwicz, D.S. Rokhsar, J. Weissenbach, E.V. Armbrust, B.R. Green, Y. Van De Peer, I.V. Grigoriev: The phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes, Nature 456, 239–244 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Matsuzaki, O. Misumi, T. Shin-I, S. Maruyama, M. Takahara, S.Y. Miyagishima, T. Mori, K. Nishida, F. Yagisawa, K. Nishida, Y. Yoshida, Y. Nishimura, S. Nakao, T. Kobayashi, Y. Momoyama, T. Higashiyama, A. Minoda, M. Sano, H. Nomoto, K. Oishi, H. Hayashi, F. Ohta, S. Nishizaka, S. Haga, S. Miura, T. Morishita, Y. Kabeya, K. Terasawa, Y. Suzuki, Y. Ishii, S. Asakawa, H. Takano, N. Ohta, H. Kuroiwa, K. Tanaka, N. Shimizu, S. Sugano, N. Sato, H. Nozaki, N. Ogasawara, Y. Kohara, T. Kuroiwa: Genome sequence of the ultrasmall unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D, Nature 428, 653–657 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. S.S. Merchant, S.E. Prochnik, O. Vallon, E.H. Harris, S.J. Karpowicz, G.B. Witman, A. Terry, A. Salamov, L.K. Fritz-Laylin, L. Marechal-Drouard, W.F. Marshall, L.H. Qu, D.R. Nelson, A.A. Sanderfoot, M.H. Spalding, V.V. Kapitonov, Q.H. Ren, P. Ferris, E. Lindquist, H. Shapiro, S.M. Lucas, J. Grimwood, J. Schmutz, P. Cardol, H. Cerutti, G. Chanfreau, C.L. Chen, V. Cognat, M.T. Croft, R. Dent, S. Dutcher, E. Fernandez, H. Fukuzawa, D. Gonzalez-Ballester, D. Gonzalez-Halphen, A. Hallmann, M. Hanikenne, M. Hippler, W. Inwood, K. Jabbari, M. Kalanon, R. Kuras, P.A. Lefebvre, S.D. Lemaire, A.V. Lobanov, M. Lohr, A. Manuell, I. Meir, L. Mets, M. Mittag, T. Mittelmeier, J.V. Moroney, J. Moseley, C. Napoli, A.M. Nedelcu, K. Niyogi, S.V. Novoselov, I.T. Paulsen, G. Pazour, S. Purton, J.P. Ral, D.M. Riano-Pachon, W. Riekhof, L. Rymarquis, M. Schroda, D. Stern, J. Umen, R. Willows, N. Wilson, S.L. Zimmer, J. Allmer, J. Balk, K. Bisova, C.J. Chen, M. Elias, K. Gendler, C. Hauser, M.R. Lamb, H. Ledford, J.C. Long, J. Minagawa, M.D. Page, J.M. Pan, W. Pootakham, S. Roje, A. Rose, E. Stahlberg, A.M. Terauchi, P.F. Yang, S. Ball, C. Bowler, C.L. Dieckmann, V.N. Gladyshev, P. Green, R. Jorgensen, S. Mayfield, B. Mueller-Roeber, S. Rajamani, R.T. Sayre, P. Brokstein, I. Dubchak, D. Goodstein, L. Hornick, Y.W. Huang, J. Jhaveri, Y.G. Luo, D. Martinez, W.C.A. Ngau, B. Otillar, A. Poliakov, A. Porter, L. Szajkowski, G. Werner, K.M. Zhou, I.V. Grigoriev, D.S. Rokhsar, A.R. Grossman, Chlamydomonas Annotation, JGI Annotation Team: The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions, Science 318, 245–251 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Blanc, G. Duncan, I. Agarkova, M. Borodovsky, J. Gurnon, A. Kuo, E. Lindquist, S. Lucas, J. Pangilinan, J. Polle, A. Salamov, A. Terry, T. Yamada, D.D. Dunigan, I.V. Grigoriev, J.M. Claverie, J.L. Van Etten: The Chlorella variabilis NC64A genome reveals adaptation to photosymbiosis, coevolution with viruses, and cryptic sex, Plant Cell. 22, 2943–2955 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. A.Z. Worden, J.H. Lee, T. Mock, P. Rouze, M.P. Simmons, A.L. Aerts, A.E. Allen, M.L. Cuvelier, E. Derelle, M.V. Everett, E. Foulon, J. Grimwood, H. Gundlach, B. Henrissat, C. Napoli, S.M. McDonald, M.S. Parker, S. Rombauts, A. Salamov, P. Von Dassow, J.H. Badger, P.M. Coutinho, E. Demir, I. Dubchak, C. Gentemann, W. Eikrem, J.E. Gready, U. John, W. Lanier, E.A. Lindquist, S. Lucas, K.F.X. Mayer, H. Moreau, F. Not, R. Otillar, O. Panaud, J. Pangilinan, I. Paulsen, B. Piegu, A. Poliakov, S. Robbens, J. Schmutz, E. Toulza, T. Wyss, A. Zelensky, K. Zhou, E.V. Armbrust, D. Bhattacharya, U.W. Goodenough, Y. Van de Peer, I.V. Grigoriev: Green evolution and dynamic adaptations revealed by genomes of the marine Picoeukaryotes micromonas, Science 324, 268–272 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. S.E. Prochnik, J. Umen, A.M. Nedelcu, A. Hallmann, S.M. Miller, I. Nishii, P. Ferris, A. Kuo, T. Mitros, L.K. Fritz-Laylin, U. Hellsten, J. Chapman, O. Simakov, S.A. Rensing, A. Terry, J. Pangilinan, V. Kapitonov, J. Jurka, A. Salamov, H. Shapiro, J. Schmutz, J. Grimwood, E. Lindquist, S. Lucas, I.V. Grigoriev, R. Schmitt, D. Kirk, D.S. Rokhsar: Genomic analysis of organismal complexity in the multicellular green alga Volvox carteri, Science 329, 223–226 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. B. Palenik, J. Grimwood, A. Aerts, P. Rouze, A. Salamov, N. Putnam, C. Dupont, R. Jorgensen, E. Derelle, S. Rombauts, K.M. Zhou, R. Otillar, S.S. Merchant, S. Podell, T. Gaasterland, C. Napoli, K. Gendler, A. Manuell, V. Tai, O. Vallon, G. Piganeau, S. Jancek, M. Heijde, K. Jabbari, C. Bowler, M. Lohr, S. Robbens, G. Werner, I. Dubchak, G.J. Pazour, Q.H. Ren, I. Paulsen, C. Delwiche, J. Schmutz, D. Rokhsar, Y. Van de Peer, H. Moreau, I.V. Grigoriev: The tiny eukaryote Ostreococcus provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 7705–7710 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. E. Derelle, C. Ferraz, S. Rombauts, P. Rouze, A.Z. Worden, S. Robbens, F. Partensky, S. Degroeve, S. Echeynie, R. Cooke, Y. Saeys, J. Wuyts, K. Jabbari, C. Bowler, O. Panaud, B. Piegu, S.G. Ball, J.P. Ral, F.Y. Bouget, G. Piganeau, B. De Baets, A. Picard, M. Delseny, J. Demaille, Y. Van de Peer, H. Moreau: Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11647–11652 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. G. Blanc, G. Duncan, I. Agarkova, M. Borodovsky, J. Gurnon, A. Kuo, E. Lindquist, S. Lucas, J. Pangilinan, J. Polle, A. Salamov, A. Terry, T. Yamada, D.D. Dunigan, I.V. Grigoriev, J.M. Claverie, J.L. Van Etten: The genome of the polar eukaryotic microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea reveals traits of cold adaptation, Genome Biol. 13, R39 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Lu, C. Sheahan, P.C. Fu: Metabolic engineering of algae for fourth generation biofuels production, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 2451–2466 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. R. Radakovits, R.E. Jinkerson, S.I. Fuerstenberg, H. Tae, R.E. Settlage, J.L. Boore, M.C. Posewitz: Draft genome sequence and genetic transformation of the oleaginous alga Nannochloropis gaditana, Nat. Commun. 3, 686 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. T.G. Dunahay, E.E. Jarvis, P.G. Roessler: Genetic transformation of the diatoms Cyclotella cryptica and Navicula saprophila, J. Phycol. 31, 1004–1012 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. H. Fischer, I. Robl, M. Sumper, N. Kroger: Targeting and covalent modification of cell wall and membrane proteins heterologously expressed in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (Bacillariophyceae), J. Phycol. 35, 113–120 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. A. Miyagawa-Yamaguchi, T. Okami, N. Kira, H. Yamaguchi, K. Ohnishi, M. Adachi: Stable nuclear transformation of the diatom Chaetoceros sp., Phycol. Res. 59, 113–119 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. K.E. Apt, P.G. Kroth-Pancic, A.R. Grossman: Stable nuclear transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Mol. Gen. Genet. 252, 572–579 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. V. De Riso, R. Raniello, F. Maumus, A. Rogato, C. Bowler, A. Falciatore: Gene silencing in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nucleic Acids Res. 37, e96 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. N. Poulsen, P.M. Chesley, N. Kroger: Molecular genetic manipulation of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae), J. Phycol. 42, 1059–1065 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Muto, Y. Fukuda, M. Nemoto, T. Yoshino, T. Matsunaga, T. Tanaka: Establishment of a genetic transformation system for the marine pennate diatom Fistulifera Sp. strain JPCC DA0580 — a high triglyceride producer, Mar. Biotechnol. 15, 1–8 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  43. K.L. Kindle, R.A. Schnell, E. Fernandez, P.A. Lefebvre: Stable nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas using the Chlamydomonas gene for nitrate reductase, J. Cell. Biol. 109, 2589–2601 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. O.A. Sineshchekov, K.H. Jung, J.L. Spudich: Two rhodopsins mediate phototaxis to low- and high-intensity light in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 8689–8694 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. K.L. Kindle: High-frequency nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1228–1232 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. K. Shimogawara, S. Fujiwara, A. Grossman, H. Usuda: High-efficiency transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by electroporation, Genetics 148, 1821–1828 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. D.K.H. Tang, S.Y. Qiao, M. Wu: Insertion mutagenesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by electroporation and heterologous DNA, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 36, 1025–1035 (1995)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. L.M. Hall, K.B. Taylor, D.D. Jones: Expression of a foreign gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Gene 124, 75–81 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H.N. Dawson, R. Burlingame, A.C. Cannons: Stable transformation of Chlorella: Rescue of nitrate reductase-deficient mutants with the nitrate reductase gene, Curr. Microbiol. 35, 356–362 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. K.C. Chow, W.L. Tung: Electrotransformation of Chlorella vulgaris, Plant Physiol. 114, 1610–1610 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  51. M. Maruyama, I. Horakova, H. Honda, X.H. Xing, N. Shiragami, H. Unno: Introduction of foreign DNA into Chlorella saccharophila by electroporation, Biotechnol. Tech. 8, 821–826 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Y. Chen, Y.Q. Wang, Y.R. Sun, L.M. Zhang, W.B. Li: Highly efficient expression of rabbit neutrophil Peptide-1 gene in Chlorella ellipsoidea cells, Curr. Genet. 39, 365–370 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. T.S. Cha, W. Yee, A. Aziz: Assessment of factors affecting agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 1771–1779 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. C. Tan, S. Qin, Q. Zhang, P. Jiang, F. Zhao: Establishment of a micro-particle bombardment transformation system for Dunaliella salina, J. Microbiol. 43(4), 361–365 (2005)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. G.H. Sun, X.C. Zhang, Z.H. Sui, Y.X. Mao: Inhibition of pds gene expression via the rna interference approach in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta), Mar. Biotechnol. 10, 219–226 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. S.Y. Feng, L.X. Xue, H.T. Liu, P.J. Lu: Improvement of efficiency of genetic transformation for Dunaliella salina by glass beads method, Mol. Biol. Rep. 36, 1433–1439 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Y. Sun, Z.Y. Yang, X.S. Gao, Q.Y. Li, Q.Q. Zhang, Z.K. Xu: Expression of foreign genes in Dunaliella by electroporation, Mol. Biotechnol. 30, 185–192 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Y. Sun, X.S. Gao, Q.Y. Li, Q.Q. Zhang, Z.K. Xu: Functional complementation of a nitrate reductase defective mutant of a green alga Dunaliella viridis by introducing the nitrate reductase gene, Gene 377, 140–149 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. J. Steinbrenner, G. Sandmann: Transformation of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis with a phytoene desaturase for accelerated astaxanthin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 7477–7484 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. S. Kathiresan, A. Chandrashekar, G.A. Ravishankar, R. Sarada: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae, Volvocales), J. Phycol. 45, 642–649 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. B. Schiedlmeier, R. Schmitt, W. Muller, M.M. Kirk, H. Gruber, W. Mages, D.L. Kirk: Nuclear transformation of Volvox carteri, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5080–5084 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. M.R. ten Lohuis, D.J. Miller: Genetic transformation of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium and Symbiodinium): Expression of gus in microalgae using heterologous promoter constructs, Plant J. 13, 427–435 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. A. Minoda, R. Sakagami, F. Yagisawa, T. Kuroiwa, K. Tanaka: Improvement of culture conditions and evidence for nuclear transformation by homologous recombination in a red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D, Plant Cell. Physiol. 45, 667–671 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. M. Ohnuma, O. Misumi, T. Fujiwara, S. Watanabe, K. Tanaka, T. Kuroiwa: Transient gene suppression in a red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D, Protoplasma 236, 107–112 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. M. Lapidot, D. Raveh, A. Sivan, S. Arad, M. Shapira: Stable chloroplast transformation of the unicellular red alga Porphyridium species, Plant Physiol. 129, 7–12 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. D. Cheney, B. Metz, J. Stiller: Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in the macroscopic marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis, J. Phycol. 37, 11–11 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  67. N.A. Doetsch, M.R. Favreau, N. Kuscuoglu, M.D. Thompson, R.B. Hallick: Chloroplast transformation in Euglena gracilis: Splicing of a group III twintron transcribed from a transgenic PsbK operon, Curr. Genet. 39, 49–60 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. O. Kilian, C.S.E. Benemann, K.K. Niyogi, B. Vick: High-efficiency homologous recombination in the oil-producing alga Nannochloropsis sp., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 21265–21269 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. J. Elhai: Genetic techniques appropriate for the biotechnological exploitation of cyanobacteria, J. Appl. Phycol. 6, 177–186 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. R.C. Murphy, S.E. Stevens: Cloning and expression of the cryIVD gene of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum Pr-6 and its resulting larvicidal activity, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 1650–1655 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. H. Takeyama, D. Takeda, K. Yazawa, A. Yamada, T. Matsunaga: Expression of the eicosapentaenoic acid synthesis gene cluster from Shewanella sp., in a transgenic marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., Microbiology 143, 2725–2731 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. J.S. Buzby, R.D. Porter, S.E. Stevens: Plasmid transformation in Agmenellum quadruplicatum Pr-6 – construction of biphasic plasmids and characterization of their transformation properties, J. Bacteriol. 154, 1446–1450 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. H. Takeyama, H. Nakayama, T. Matsunaga: Salinity-regulated replication of the endogenous plasmid pSY10 from the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 84–6, 447–453 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. K. Sode, M. Tatara, H. Takeyama, J.G. Burgess, T. Matsunaga: Conjugative gene-transfer in marine cyanobacteria -- Synechococcus sp., Synechocystis sp. and Pseudanabaena sp., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37, 369–373 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. K. Sode, M. Tatara, S. Ogawa, T. Matsunaga: Maintenance of broad host range vector pKT230 in marine unicellular cyanobacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 99, 73–78 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. R.S. Safferman, M.E. Morris: Algal virus: Isolation, Science 140, 679–680 (1963)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. K. Sode, M. Oozeki, K. Asakawa, J. Burgess, T. Matsunaga: Isolation of a marine cyanophage infecting the marine unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. NKBG 042902, J. Mar. Biotechnol. 1, 189–192 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  78. O. Bergh, K.Y. Borsheim, G. Bratbak, M. Heldal: High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments, Nature 340, 467–468 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Y. Zhong, F. Chen, S.W. Wilhelm, L. Poorvin, R.E. Hodson: Phylogenetic diversity of marine cyanophage isolates and natural virus communities as revealed by sequences of viral capsid assembly protein gene G20, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 1576–1584 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. A. Hallmann: Algal transgenics and biotechnology, Transgenic Plant J. 1, 8 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  81. D. Armaleo, G.N. Ye, T.M. Klein, K.B. Shark, J.C. Sanford, S.A. Johnston: Biolistic nuclear transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi, Curr. Genet. 17, 97–103 (1990)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. L.E. Brown, S.L. Sprecher, L.R. Keller: Introduction of exogenous DNA into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by electroporation, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 2328–2332 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. J.M. Coll: Methodologies for transferring DNA into eukaryotic microalgae, Span. J. Agric. Res. 4, 316–330 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. B. Zorin, Y. Lu, I. Sizova, P. Hegemann: Nuclear gene targeting in Chlamydomonas as exemplified by disruption of the PHOT gene, Gene 432, 91–96 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. A. Hallmann, A. Rappel, M. Sumper: Gene replacement by homologous recombination in the multicellular green alga Volvox carteri, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 7469–7474 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. R. Yu, A. Yamada, K. Watanabe, K. Yazawa, H. Takeyama, T. Matsunaga, R. Kurane: Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by a recombinant marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp., Lipids 35, 1061–1064 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. M. Harker, J. Hirschberg: Biosynthesis of ketocarotenoids in transgenic cyanobacteria expressing the algal gene for ${\beta}$-C-4-oxygenase, crtO, FEBS Lett. 404, 129–134 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. K. Takahama, M. Matsuoka, K. Nagahama, T. Ogawa: Construction and analysis of a recombinant cyanobacterium expressing a chromosomally inserted gene for an ethylene-forming enzyme at the PsbAI locus, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 95, 302–305 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. A. Hallmann, M. Sumper: The chlorella hexose/H$+$ symporter is a useful selectable marker and biochemical reagent when expressed in Volvox, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 669–673 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. A. Doebbe, J. Rupprecht, J. Beckmann, J.H. Mussgnug, A. Hallmann, B. Hankamer, O. Kruse: Functional integration of the HUP1 hexose symporter gene into the genome of C. reinhardtii: Impacts on biological $H_{2}$ production, J. Biotechnol. 131, 27–33 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. L.A. Zaslavskaia, J.C. Lippmeier, C. Shih, D. Ehrhardt, A.R. Grossman, K.E. Apt: Trophic obligate conversion of an photoautotrophic organism through metabolic engineering, Science 292, 2073–2075 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. A. Melis: Solar energy conversion efficiencies in photosynthesis: Minimizing the chlorophyll antennae to maximize efficiency, Plant Sci. 177, 272–280 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. R. Radakovits, P.M. Eduafo, M.C. Posewitz: Genetic engineering of fatty acid chain length in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Metab. Eng. 13, 89–95 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. A.S. Miron, A.C. Gomez, F.G. Camacho, E.M. Grima, Y. Chisti: Comparative evaluation of compact photobioreactors for large-scale monoculture of microalgae, J. Biotechnol. 70, 249–270 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. G. Vunjak-Novakovic, Y. Kim, X.X. Wu, I. Berzin, J.C. Merchuk: Air-lift bioreactors for algal growth on flue gas: Mathematical modeling and pilot-plant studies, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44, 6154–6163 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. J. Degen, A. Uebele, A. Retze, U. Schmid-Staiger, W. Trosch: A novel airlift photobioreactor with baffles for improved light utilization through the flashing light effect, J. Biotechnol. 92, 89–94 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. L. Rodolfi, G.C. Zittelli, N. Bassi, G. Padovani, N. Biondi, G. Bonini, M.R. Tredici: Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102, 100–112 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. P.M. Schenk, S.R. Thomas-Hall, E. Stephens, U.C. Marx, J.H. Mussgnug, C. Posten, O. Kruse, B. Hankamer: Second generation biofuels: High-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production, Bioenergy Res. 1, 20–43 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, 183-8588, Tokyo, Japan

    Tadashi Matsunaga Prof.

  2. Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan

    Tomoko Yoshino, Yue Liang & Tsuyoshi Tanaka

  3. Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Japan

    Masaki Muto

Authors
  1. Tadashi Matsunaga Prof.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tomoko Yoshino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yue Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Masaki Muto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tsuyoshi Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tadashi Matsunaga Prof. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine-Bio. Convergence Science Specialized Graduate School Science & Technology Convergence Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Yongdang Campus, 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, 608-739, Busan, Korea

    Se-Kwon Kim Prof.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matsunaga, T., Yoshino, T., Liang, Y., Muto, M., Tanaka, T. (2015). Marine Microalgae. In: Kim, SK. (eds) Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53971-8_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation