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Biocatalysts from Aplysia: Sweet Spot in Enzymatic Carbohydrate Synthesis

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Book cover Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology

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Abstract

Speaking in general terms, glycosylation is considered to be an important method for the structural modification of compounds with useful biological activities. Glycosylation allows conversion of lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic ones, thus improving their pharmacokinetic properties or giving access to new drug delivery systems (prodrugs). Examples include synthetic carbohydrate-based polymers used as coating agents and as biomedical materials, or novel dietary carbohydrates introduced as food additives. Finally, chromophoric oligosaccharides are of widespread interest for the kinetic analysis of hydrolytic activities and to characterize the mode of action of particular enzymes (i. e., exo or endoglycosidases). Hence carbohydrate-based compounds have proved to be a valuable tool in different fields of applicative interest, such as clinical, biological, and food chemistry. Different enzymes acting on these molecules are commercially available, but a greater interest would entail a search for biocatalysts with new catalytic characteristics. The marine environment has been shown to be a very interesting source for new glycosyl hydrolases both for hydrolytic and synthetic applications. Aplysia is a genus of sea hares belonging to the family Aplysiidae, containing different species of organisms. Aplysia fasciata and Aplysia kurodai are two examples; they are herbivorous animals and eat a variety of red, green, or brown algae and have been revealed to be potent producers of a library of glycoside hydrolases applied in the synthesis and hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. In this chapter, examples of applications of such enzymes will be discussed.

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Abbreviations

8-HPETE:

(8R)-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid

ATCC:

American Type Culture Collection

COSY:

correlation spectroscopy

DMF:

dimethylformamide

DMSO:

dimethyl sulfoxide

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

DPPH:

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

ESI-MS:

electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

GH:

glycoside hydrolase

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

HPAEC-PAD:

high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

HPLC:

high-performance liquid chromatography

MW:

molecular weight

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

PAGE:

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SDS-PAGE:

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

TOCSY:

total correlation spectroscopy

cDNA:

complementary DNA

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  1. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy

    Antonio Trincone

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  1. Department of Marine-Bio. Convergence Science Specialized Graduate School Science & Technology Convergence Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Yongdang Campus, 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, 608-739, Busan, Korea

    Se-Kwon Kim Prof.

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Trincone, A. (2015). Biocatalysts from Aplysia: Sweet Spot in Enzymatic Carbohydrate Synthesis. In: Kim, SK. (eds) Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53971-8_30

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