Abstract
Many biological, artificial, and social systems are self-organized. Though an overarching, exhaustive definition of self-organization is elusive, there is general agreement on many of the properties that self-organized systems can be characterized by: they are global systems, composed of many, usually identical, micro level components. These components interact locally, while the system shows emergence of global dynamics not directly observable, measurable, quantified, or defined at the local level (Prokopenko 2009).
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Sarkar, S., Robinson, P.A. (2014). Clustering and Modularity in Self-Organized Networks. In: Prokopenko, M. (eds) Guided Self-Organization: Inception. Emergence, Complexity and Computation, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53734-9_16
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