Zusammenfassung
In den folgenden zwanglos zusammengsstellten kurzen Abschnitten wird eine Reihe von praktischen Fragen behandelt. Eine allgemeine Bemerkung sei hier noch eingeflochten. Soweit fertige Geräte der Industrie greifbar sind, lohnt der Selbstbau heute in den meisten Fällen nicht mehr. Nicht erhältliche Bausteine oder Kombinationen sollten vom Physiker zwar entworfen und berechnet, dann aber von einer elektronischen Werkstatt ausgeführt werden, auf die heute nicht mehr verzichtet werden kann. Die übrigen Fälle, die vom Physiker selbst entwickelt und getestet werden müssen, sind immer noch häufig genug, so daß die wissenschaftliche Arbeit nicht durch Routinearbeit belastet werden sollte.
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Literaturverzeichnis
7.5.1 Lehrbücher und Nachschlagewerke, auf die teilweise im Text Bezung genommen wurde
Amos, S. W. : Principles of transitor circuits. London : Iliffe and Sons 1959.
Archiv für Technisches Messen (ATM), München: Oldenbourg.
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Barkhausen, H. : Lehrb. d. Elektronenröhren, Leipzig : Hirzel 1954/8.
Bigalke, A. : Meßtechnik der Elektronenstrahl-Oszillographen. Karlsruhe : Braun 1959.
Birks, J. B. : Scintillation counters. London : Pergamon Press 1953.
Blackburn, J. F. : Components handbook, MIT Band 17. New York : MacGraw-Hill 1949.
Chance, B., R. I. Hulsizer, E. F. Macnichol and F. C. Williams : Electronic time measurements, MIT Band 20. New York : MacGraw-Hill 1949.
Chance, B., V. Hughes, E. F. Macnichol, D. Sayre and F. C. Williams : Waveforms, MIT Band 19. New York: MacGraw-Hill 1949.
Curran, S. C. : Luminescence and scintillation counters. London : Butterworth 1953.
Czech, J. : Oszillographen-Meßtechnik. Berlin : Verlag f. Radio-KinoFoto-Technik 1959.
Dosse, J. : Der Transistor. München : Oldenbourg 1959.
Elmore, W. C., and M. Sands : Electronics. New York: MacGraw-Hill 1949.
Frost-Smith, E. H. : Theory and design of magnetic amplifiers. London: Chapman and Hall 1959.
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Kulp, M. : Elektronenröhren und ihre Schaltungen. Göttingen : Vandenhoek und Ruprecht 1958.
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7.5.2 Einzelne Arbeiten
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Baldinger, E., and W. Franzen : Amplitude and time measurements in nuclear physics. Advances in Electronics and Electron Phys. VIII, 255 (1956).
Baldinger, E., u. W. Haeberli: Impulsverstärker und ImpulsSpektrographen. Ergeb. exakt. Naturw. 27, 248 (1953).
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Banerjee, B. M., and S. Choudhury : Tolerance limit of resistors in binary scaling units. Electronic Eng. 29, 237 (1957).
Barabaschi, S., C. Cottini and E. Gatti: High sensitivity and accuracy pulse trigger circuit. Nuovo cimento 2, 1042 (1955).
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Bell, P. R. : Nuclear particle detection : fast electronics. Ann. Rev. Nuclear Sci. 4, 93 (1954).
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Benson, F. A., and M. S. Seaman : A low voltage DC stabilizer using a saturated-diode controller. Electronic Eng. 29, 121 (1957).
Bertram, S.: Degenerative positive bias multivibrator. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 36, 277 (1948).
Bethke, J.: New applications for beam switching tubes. Electronics 29/4, 122 (1956).
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Billington, C. and E. Chakanovskis : A voltage stabilizer principle. Electronic Eng. 29, 374 (1957) ; 30, 210 (1958).
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Booth, A. D., and J. Ringrose : Three state flipflop. Electronic Eng. 23, 133, 237 (1951).
Boucherie, A., et J. Mey : Un sélecteur d’amplitude distribué du type Rosenblum. J. phys. radium 19, 98 (1958).
Bradshaw, C. G. : A 1 mc transistor decade counter. Electronic Eng. 31, 96 (1959).
Breitenberger, E.: A prescision single channel kicksorter for coincidence work. Phil. Mag. 44, 987 (1953).
Briscoe, W. L. : Electronic computer for mass identification of particles. Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 401 (1958).
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Brown, M. : Greater gain band width in trigger circuits. Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 169 (1959).
Brown, T. II., and W. L. Stephenson : A stabilized DC power supply using transistors. Electronic Eng. 29, 425 (1957).
Brunner, J., J. Halter, O. Huber, R. Joly und D. Maeder: Untersuchung des Zerfalles von Hg195 Au195 mit Beta- Gamma-Koinzidenzen. Helv. Phys. Acta 27, 572 (1954).
Brunson, G. S. : Transistorized photomultiplier has 0.1 ,usec resolution. Nucleonics 15/7, 86 (1957).
Burrus, C. A. : Improved low repetition rate m, usec pulse generator. Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 295 (1959).
Cederbaum, I., and P. Balaban : Automatic drift compensation in DC amplifiers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 26, 745 (1955).
Chagnon, P. R. : Linear gate circuit for pulse height analyzers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 24, 990 (1953).
Chagnon, P., L. Zernow and L. Madansky : Mixer for a system of photomultipliers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 24, 326 (1953).
Chance, B., F. C. Williams, C. C. Yang, J. Busser and J. Higgins : A quarter square multiplier using a segmented parabolic characteristic. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 683 (1951).
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Chase, R. L., and W. A. Higinbotham : Flexible pulse amplifier with good overload properties. Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 34 (1952). Nachbau: Marburger Rundber. G 2, ImpV (1956).
Chase, R. L., and W. A. Higinbotham : Millimicrosecond time to pulse height converter using an r. f. vernier. Rev. Sci. Instr. 28, 448 (1957).
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Clark, T. G. : An electronic transformator. Electronic Eng. 30, 545(1958).
Close, R. N., and M. T. Lebenbaum: Design of phantastron time delay circuits. Electronics 21/4, 100 (1948).
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Collinge, B.: A transistor scaling circuit with a short resolving time. Electronic Eng. 31, 604 (1959).
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Cooke-Yarborough, E. H., and E. W. Pulsford : A counting ratemeter of high accuracy. Proc. Inst. Elec. Engrs. (London) 98 (II), 191, 196 (1951).
Cottini, C., and E. Gatti: Millimicrosecond time analyzer. Nuovo Cimento. 4, 1550 (1956).
Crouch, M. F. : Multichannel delay discriminator. Rev. Sci. Instr. 25, 924 (1954).
Crowell, A. D., and P. R. Low : Improved quenching circuit for Geiger counters. Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 245 (1958).
Cubasch, F. : Die dekadische Zählröhre E 1 T usw. Elektronik 3, 79, 85 (1954) ; 4, 33, 61 (1955).
Baum, C.: A current integrator with digital output. Nuclear Instr. 5, 75 (1959).
Davis, F. J., and P. W. Reinhardt : Mixing preamplifiers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 25, 1024 (1954).
Debenedetti, S., u. R. W. Findley : The coincidence method. Handb. d. Phys. XLV, 222. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg : Springer 1958.
Debenedetti, S., and H. J. Richings : On the resolution of short time intervals with scintillation counters. Rev. Sci. Instr. 23 37 (1952).
Degallier, M. : Zero inefficiency anticoincidence circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 21, 1025 (1950) .
Dehaan, E. F., P. Huijer and C. C. Jonker : The resolving time of the Rossi circuit. Physica 21, 565 (1955).
Dewaard, H. : Stabilizing scintillation spectrometers with counting rate difference feedback. Nucleonics 13/7, 36 (1955).
Dewaard, H.: Some limitations and principles of nanosecond time measurement in nuclear physics. Nuclear Instr. 2, 73 (1958).
Dicke, R. H. : Highspeed coincidence circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 18, 907 (1947).
Donaldson, P. E. K. : Multiple channel oscilloscope for electrophysiology. Electronic Eng. 29, 78 (1957).
Dorn, C. G.: Fast rise pulse generator with high pulse repetition frequency. Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 283 (1956).
Earnshaw, J. B. : A square wave converter with feedback control of mark to space ratio. Electronic Eng. 29, 170 (1957).
Edwards, C.: Influence of the output time constant of a cathode follower. Electronic Eng. 30, 712 (1958).
Ehmert, A.: Über gegengekoppelte Gleichstromverstärker. Z. angew. Phys. 5, 24 (1953).
Eichholz, J. J., C. F. Nelson and G. T. Weiss : Extended range distributed amplifier design. Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 1 (1959).
Eklund, K.: Use of operational amplifiers in precision current regulators. Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 328 (1959).
Elmore, W. C. : Electronics for the nuclear physicist. Nucleonics 2/2, 4; 2/3, 16; 2/4, 43; 2/5, 50 (1948).
Elmore, W. C.: Fast pulse amplifiers for nuclear research. Nucleonics 5/9, 48 (1949).
Elmore, W. C.: Decade scaling circuits. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 835 (1951).
Elmore, W. C.: Attenuation and pulse shaping in pulse amplifiers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 26, 787 (1955).
Enslein, K. : Distributed amplifier for nuclear research. Electronics 27/7, 138 (1954).
Enslein, K.: 6218 beam deflection tube as a complex pulse generator. Rev. Sci. Instr. 25, 355 (1954).
Fairstein, E. : Improving linearity of pulse amplifiers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 25, 1134 (1954).
Fairstein, E.: Nonblocking double line linear pulse amplifier. Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 475 (1956).
Fairstein, E.: Effect of driving pulse shape on a Schmitt trigger circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 483 (1956).
Fairstein, E.: Grid current in electron tubes. Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 524 (1958).
Fairstein, E., and F. M. Porter: Fast differential pulse height selector/improved circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 650 (1952)7;
Fairstein, E., and F. M. Porter: Fast differential pulse height selector/improved circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 549 (1956).
Farinelli, U., and R. Malvano : Pulsing of photomultiplier tubes. Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 699 (1958).
Farley, F. J. M. : A flexible pulse amplitude analyzer. J. Sci. Instr. 31, 241 (1954).
Farley, F. J. M. : Highspeed pulse amplitude discriminator. Rev. Sci. Instr. 29, 595 (1958).
Favre, R. : Dispositif de réduction de temps de résolution des démultiplicateurs électroniques d’impulsions. Helv. Phys. Acta 27, 683 (1954).
Favre, R.: La tube à émission secondaire générateur d’impulsions cathodiques. Helv. Phys. Acta 28, 167 (1955).
Favre, R. : Démultiplicateurs électroniques d’impulsions. Nuclear Instr. 1, 113, 201 (1957).
Fergusson, G. J., and G. H. Fraser : The design of four tube decade scales. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 937 (1951).
Fidecaro, G., and A. M. Wetherell : Notes on the design of distributed amplifiers. Nuovo Cimento 3, 359 (1956).
Finch, G. I. : Pulse generator. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 38, 657 (1950).
Fischmann, A. F. : Difference counters. Electronic Eng. 29, 546 (1957).
Fischmann-Arbel, A.: Precision Schmitt trigger. Nuclear Instr. 5, 56 (1959).
Fisher, J., and J. Marshall: 6 BN 6 gated beam tube as a fast coincidence circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 417 (1952).
Florida, C. D., and R. Williamson: A cold cathode scaling unit. Electronic Eng. 26, 111 (1954).
Flynn, J. T., and F. A. Johnson : Fast gray wedge analyzer for high input rates. Rev. Sci. Instr. 28, 867 (1957).
Foote, R. S., and H. W. Koch: Scintillation spectrometers for measuring the total energy of x-ray photons. Rev. Sci. Instr. 25, 746 (1954).
Francis, J. E., P. R. Bell and J. C. Gundlach: Single channel analyzer. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 133 (1951) ; ORNL Report 1470 (1953).
Francis, J. E., P. R. Bell and G. G. Kelley : Double line linear amplifier. Nucleonics 12/3, 55 (1954).
Fuller, H. W.: Numeroscope for cathode ray printing. Electronics 21/2, 98 (1948).
Garwin, R. L.: A pulse generator for the millimicrosecond range. Rev. Sci. Instr. 21, 903 (1950).
Garwin, R. L.: A useful fast coincidence circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 21, 569 (1950) ;
Garwin, R. L.: A useful fast coincidence circuit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 24, 618 (1953).
Garwin, E. L.: Linear gate of 20 mμsec duration. Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 373 (1959).
Garwin, E. L., and A. S. Penfold : Linear gate of 200 nsec duration. Rev. Sci. Instr. 28, 116 (1957).
Gass, E.: Verwendung und Schaltungstechnik von Differenzverstärkern. Elektronik 8, 349 (1959).
Gasström, R. V. : A new type of pulse height analyzer utilizing c. r. tube with phototransistor sorting element. Physica 22, 619 (1956).
Gatti, E.: A stable highspeed multichannel pulse analyzer. Nuovo Cimento 11, 153 (1954). — vgl.
Gatti, E.: A stable highspeed multichannel pulse analyzer. Nuclear Instr. 4, 133 (1959).
Genin, R. : Un appareil à échelle logarithmique pour la mesure de l’intensité des rayonnements y. J. phys. radium 18, Suppl. 3, 36 A (1957).
Gettner, M., and W. Selove : 50 mc discriminator-scaler. Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 942 (1959).
Gilland, J. R. : Transistor circuitry for radiation counting. Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 479 (1959).
Ginzton, E. L., W. R. Hewlett, J. H. Jasberg and J. D. Noe : Distributed amplification. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 36, 956 (1948).
Glass, F. M., and G. S. Hurst : A method of pulse integration using the binary scaling unit. Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 67 (1952).
Glenn, W. E.: A pulse height distribution analyzer. Nucleonics 9/6, 24 (1951).
Golay, M. J. E. : (Delay lines) Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 34, 138 (1946).
Goldmuntz, L. A., and H. L. Krauss : The cathode coupled clipper circuit. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 36, 1172 (1948).
Gosslau, K., u. H. J. Harloff : Untersuchung über das DC- und ACVerhalten von bistabilen Kippschaltungen. Nachr. tech. Z. 8, 521 (1955).
Grabe, K. : Wirkungsweise und Dimensionierung des Schmitt-Diskriminators. Radio mentor 24, 382 (1958).
Graham, M., W. A. Higinbotham and S. Rankowitz: Dekatron drive circuit and application. Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 1059 (1956).
Gray, T. S., and H. B. Frey : Acorn diode has logarithmic range of 109. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 117 (1951).
Green, J. R.: Large scintillator for observation of cosmic rays. Rev. S ci. Instr. 29, 10 (1958).
Green, L. C., and J. B. H. Kuper : Constant current sources. Rev. Sci. Instr. 11, 250 (1940) .
Greenough, M. L., W. E. Williams and J. K. Taylor: Regulated low voltage supply. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 484 (1951).
Grim, W. M., and A. B. van Rennes : Compensation against effects of Cgk in pulse height selectors. Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 563 (1952).
Grodzins, L. : Coincidence sorter for scintillation spectrometers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 26, 1208 (1955). — The application of the XYZ-recorder to radiation studies. 2. U. N. Int. Conf. Atom. Energy, A/Conf 15/P/647 (1958).
Gruhle, W. : Multivibratorschaltung für Millimikrosekunden-Impulse. Elektronik 6, 261 (1957).
Gruhle, W. : Schneller Ringzähler als elektronischer Schalter. Nuclear Instr. 3, 204 (1958).
Gruhle, W. : Impuls-Zeitformer für schnelle Koinzidenzstufen. Nuclear Instr. 4, 112 (1959).
Günther, H. : Stabilisierung von Gleichspannungen. Funk u. Ton 5, 124 (1951).
Haas, G.: Untersuchungen über die Zeitverzögerung der Impuls Auslösung beim monostabilen Multivibrator. Arch. el. Übtr. 9, 272 (1955).
Haas, G. : Grundlagen und Bauelemente elektronischer Ziffern Rechenmaschinen I—III. Valvo Ber. 4, 37, 123, 157 (1958).
Haidekker, A. : Transistorbestückte Zählschaltungen mit Sichtanzeige. Elektronik 7, 211, 372 (1958).
Hamburger, G. L. : Production model of the automatic a. f. response curve tracer. J. Brit. Inst. Elec. Engrs. 11, 165 (1951).
Hebb, M. H., C. W. Horton, and F. B. Jones : On the design of networks for constant time delay. J. Appl. Phys. 20, 616 (1949).
Hehner, R. J., and A. Hemmendinger: Precision integrator for beam current. Rev. Sci. Instr. 28, 649 (1957).
Hendrick, R. W. : Precision photomultiplier gain stabilisation. Rev. S ci. Instr. 27, 240 (1956).
Hiebert, R. D., and R. J. Watts : (Fast coincidence circuit for H3 and C14 measurements) A-1 amplifier. Nucleonics 11/12, 38 (1953).
Higinbotham, W. A. : Todays pulse height analyzers. Nucleonics 14/4, 61 (1956).
Higinbotham, W. A., and S. Rankowitz : Combined current indicator and integrator. Rev. Sci. Instr. 22, 688 (1951).
Hofstadter, R., and J. A. Mcintyre : γ-ray spectroscopy with crystals of NaJ. Nucleonics 7/3, 32 (1950).
Hofstadter, R., and J. A. Mcintyre : Note on the detection of coincidences and short time intervals. Rev. Sci. Instr. 21, 52 (1950).
Hoogenboom, A. M. : A new method in y-ray spectroscopy. Nuclear Instr. 3, 57 (1958).
Horton, W. H., J. H. Jasberg and J. D. Noe : distributed amplification : practical considerations and experimental results. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 38, 748 (1950).
Howard, R. C., C. J. Savant and R. S. Neiswander: Linear to logarithmic voltage converter. Electronics 26/7, 156 (1953).
Howland, B. : Capacitor counting circuit. Electronics 21/6, 182 (1948).
Hunt, F. V., and J. F. Hersh: Wide range logarithmic voltmeter. Rev. Sci. Instr. 26, 829 (1955).
Hunt, F. V., and R. W. Hickman : On electronic voltage stabilizers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 10, 6 (1939).
Hunt, W. A., W. Rhinehart, J. Weber and D. J. Zaffarano: A multichannel pulse height analysis system utilizing 35 mm film record. Rev. Sci. Instr. 25, 268 (1954).
Hutchinson, G. W.: Nonlinear amplifier design for pulse height analyzers. Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 592 (1956).
Hutchinson, G. W. : A soft valve scaler for intermittend fast counting. J. Sci. Instr. 34, 109 (1957).
Hutchinson, G. W., and G. G. Scarrott : A high precision pulse height analyzer of moderately high speed. Phil. Mag. 42, 792 (1951) .
Jacket, A. E. : Multivibrator circuits using junction transistors. Electronic Eng. 28, 184 (1956).
Johansson, B. : Coincidence arrangement with high time resolution. Nuclear Instr. 1, 274 (1957).
Johnstone, C. W. : A new pulse analyzer design. Nucleonics 11/1, 36 (1953).
Jones, G., and J. B. Warren : A fast coincidence system for the measurement of short life times. J. Sci. Instr. 33, 429 (1956).
Jonker, J. L. H., A. J. W. M. Van Overbeek and P. H. De Beurs: A decade counter valve for high counting rates. Philips Research Reprt. 7, 81 (1952).
Jordan, W. H., and P. R. Bell: A general purpose linear amplifier. Rev. Sci. Instr. 18, 703 (1947).
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Gruhle, W. (1960). Anhang. In: Elektronische Hilfsmittel des Physikers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52748-7_7
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