Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tropical Plant Phenology: Applications for Studies in Community Ecology

  • Chapter
Phenology and Seasonality Modeling

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 8))

Abstract

Periodic behavior of plants in tropical (here including equatorial) environ ments has received little attention until very recently (Frankie et al., 1974; Gibbs and Leston, 1970; McClure, 1966; Nevling, 1971; Rees, 1964). Some accounts of phenological events in the tropical literature occur only as brief notes which form small sections of larger papers (e.g., Ducke and Black, 1953; Beard, 1946). Other information on specific phenological events can be found in floristic treatments (e.g., Allen, 1956; Little and Wadsworth, 1964) and papers dealing with species of economic importance (e.g., Broekmans, 1957; Lamb, 1966, Rees, 1964). In certain studies the data on periodicity of a small percentage of species have been pooled in an attempt to reflect the general phenological trends of particular vegetation types (e.g., Bakerand Baker, 1936; Daubenmire, 1972).

Supported by NSF Grants GB 7805 and GB 25592

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, G. M. 1939. Bats. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, P. H. 1956. The Rain Forest of Golfo Duke. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, P. S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: Some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. London 1, 155–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. G. 1963. Evolutionary mechanisms in pollination biology. Science 139, 877–883.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. G. 1970. Evolution in the tropics. Biotropica 2, 101–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. G. 1973. Evolutionary relationships between flowering plants and animals in Ameri can and African tropical forests. In Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review ,B. J. Meggers. E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth, ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. G. , and I. Baker. 1973a. Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature 241, 543–545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. G. 1973b. Some anthecological aspects of the evolution of nectar-producing flowers, particularly amino-acid production in nectar. In The Interrelations of Taxonomy and Ecology ,V. H. Heywood, ed. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. G., and P. D. Hurd. 1968. Intrafloral ecology. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 13, 385–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. G., P. A. Opler, and G. W. Frankie. 1974. Seed and seedling ecology of plants in tropical lowland wet and dry forest sites of Costa Rica (in manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, J. R., and I. Baker. 1936. The seasons in a tropical rain-forest (New Hebrides). 2. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) London 39, 507–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bawa, K. S. 1973. Breeding systems of tree species of a lowland tropical community. Evolution ,(in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard, J. S. 1946. The Natural Vegetation of Trinidad. In Oxf For. Mem. No. 20. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boaler, S. B. 1966. Ecology of a miombo site, Lupa North Forest Reserve, Tanzania. II. Plant communities and seasonal variation in the vegetation. J. Ecol. 54, 564–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broekmans, A. F. M. 1957. Growth, flowering, and yield of the oil palm in Nigeria. J. W. Afr. Inst. Oil Palm Res. 2 ,187–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, C. G. 1945. The influence of various physical and biological factors of the environment on honeybee activity. An examination of the relationship between activity and nectar concentration and abundance. J. Exp. Biol. 21, 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, J. M. 1966. Patterns of plant development in the western United States. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 607, 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprio, J. M. , M. D. Magnuson, and H. N. Metcalf. 1970. Instructions for phenological observations. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Circular 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner, E. J. H. 1964. The Life of Plants. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croat, T. B. 1969. Seasonal flowering behavior in central Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gardens 56, 295–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansereau, P., and K. Lems. 1957. The grading of dispersal types in plant communities and their ecological significance. Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montreal 71, 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daubenmire, R. 1972. Phenology and other characteristics of tropical semi-deciduous forest in north-western Costa Rica. J. Ecol. 60, 147–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodson, C. H., R. L. Dressier, H. C. Hills, R. M. Adams, and N. H. Williams. Biologically active compounds in orchid fragrances. Science 146, 1243–1249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducke, A., and G. A. Black. 1953. Phytogeographical notes on the Brazilian Amazon. Ann. Acad. Brasileira Ciencias 25, 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faegri, K., and L. van der Pijl. 1971. The Principles of Pollination Ecology. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, R. 1972. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Durham, N.C.: Duke University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, L. A., and S. Salas. 1966. Algunas observaciones sobre la dinámica de la floración en el bosque tropical húmedo de Villa Colón. Rev. Biol. Trop. 14, 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankie, G. W., H. G. Baker, and P. A. Opler. 1974. Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical lowland wet and dry forest sites of Costa Rica. T. Ecol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Free, J. B. 1968. Dandelion as a competitor to fruit trees for bee visits. J. Appl. Ecol. 5, 169–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, D. G., and D. Leston. 1970. Insect phenology in a forest cocoa-farm locality in West Africa. J. Appl. Ecol. 7, 519–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich, B., and P. H. Raven. 1972. Energetics and pollination ecology. Science 176, 597–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holttum, R. E. 1953. Evolutionary trends in an equatorial climate. Soc. Exp. Biol Symposia 7, 159–173. 1968. The response of plants to climatic change in Singapore. J. Ecol. 56, 5. Hopkins, B. 1968. Vegetation of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria. V. The vegetation on the savanna site with special reference to its seasonal changes. J. Ecol. 56, 97–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huribert, S. H. 1970. Flower number, flowering time, and reproductive isolation among ten species of Solidago (Compositae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 97, 189–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H. 1967. Synchronization of sexual reproduction of trees within the dry season in Central America. Evolution 21, 620–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H. 1969. Seed-eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal. Evolution 23, 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Amer. Natural ist ,104, 501–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H. 1971. Euglossine bees as long-distance pollinators of tropical plants. Science 171, 203–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, B. F. 1966. Mahogany of Tropical America: Its Ecology and Management. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, D. A., and W. W. Anderson. 1970. Competition for pollinators between simultaneously flowering species. Amer. Naturalist ,104, 455–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieth, H., and J. S. Radford. 1971. Phenology, resource management, and synagraphic computer mapping. BioScience 21, 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsley, E. G. 1958. The ecology of solitary bees. Hilgardia 27, 453–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsley, E. G. 1966. Pollinating insects of the Galapagos Islands. In The Galapagos. Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galapagos Intern. Sci. Project ,pp. 225–232. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, E. L., Jr., and F. H. Wadsworth. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Handbook No. 249.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Michener, C. D. 1954. Bees of Panama. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 104, 1–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosquin, T. 1971. Competition for pollinators as a stimulus for the evolution of flowering time. Oikos 22, 398–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, H. E. 1966. Flowering, fruiting and animals in the canopy of a tropical rain forest. Malay Forester 29, 182–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevling, L. I., Jr. 1971. The ecology of an elfin forest in Puerto Rico. 16. The flowering cycle and an interpretation of its seasonality. J. Arnold Arb. 52, 586–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Percival, M. S. 1965. Floral Biology. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijl, L. van der. 1954. Xylocopa and flowers in the tropics. Proc. K. Nederl. Akad. C57, (I), 413–423; (II) 541–551; (III) 552–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijl, L. van der. 1956. Remarks on pollination by bats in the genera Freycinetia, Duabanga and Haplophragma ,and on chiropterophily in general. Acta Bot. Neerl. 5, 135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijl, L. van der. 1960–1961. Ecological aspects of flower evolution. I-II. Evolution 14, 403–416; 15, 44–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijl, L. van der. 1966. Ecological aspects of fruit evolution. Proc. K. Nederl. Akad. Wet. C69, 597–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijl, L. van der. 1969a. Evolutionary action of tropical animals on the reproduction of plants. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. London 1, 85–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pijl, L. van der. 1969b. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. New York, Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pijl, L. van der, and C. H. Dodson. 1966. Orchid Flowers, Their Pollination and Evolution. Miami: University of Miami Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, W. B. 1969. Fig wasps: Mechanism of pollen transfer. Science 163, 580–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, A. R. 1964. Some observations on the flowering behavior of Coffea rupestris in southern Nigeria. J. Ecol. 52, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rick, C. M. 1966. Some plant-animal relations on the Galapagos Islands. In The Galapagos R. I. Bowman, ed, Chap. 28, pp. 215–224. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, H. N. 1930. The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World. Ashford, Kent: L. Reeve & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, N. 1970. Relationships between fruiting seasons and seed dispersal methods in a neotropical forest. Amer. Naturalist 104, 25–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. W. 1965. A possible selective factor in the evolution of fruiting seasons in tropical forest. Oikos 15, 274–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. W. 1971. Evolutionary aspects of fruit-eating by birds. Ibis 113, 194–202. Straw, M. 1972. A markov model for pollinator constancy and competition. Amer. Natural ist 106, 597–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vansell, G. H.1942.Factors affecting the usefulness of honeybees in pollination. U.S.D.A. Circular No. 650 pp. 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vansell, G. H. 1942. Factors affecting the usefulness of honeybees in pollination. U.S.D.A. Circular No. 650 pp. 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, S.1968-1969.Chiroterophilie in der neotropischen Flora.Neue Mitt. I-III. Flora B., 157, 562–602; 158, 185–222; 158; 289–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, S. 1968–1969. Chiroterophilie in der neotropischen Flora. Neue Mitt. I-III. Flora B., 157, 562–602; 158, 185–222; 158, 289–325.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA

    Gordon W. Frankie

  2. Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

    Herbert G. Baker

  3. Organization for Tropical Studies, Inc., P.O. Box 431499, Miami, Florida, 33143, USA

    Paul A. Opler

Authors
  1. Gordon W. Frankie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Herbert G. Baker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paul A. Opler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA

    Helmut Lieth Ph.D. (Professor of Botany and Ecology) (Professor of Botany and Ecology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Frankie, G.W., Baker, H.G., Opler, P.A. (1974). Tropical Plant Phenology: Applications for Studies in Community Ecology. In: Lieth, H. (eds) Phenology and Seasonality Modeling. Ecological Studies, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51863-8_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51863-8_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-51865-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-51863-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation