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Toxoplasma gondii pp 127–139Cite as

Role of Macrophage-Derived Cytokines in the Induction and Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii

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Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 219))

Abstract

In its intermediate hosts, infection with Taxoplasma gondii is characterized by an early phase when the tachyzoites (the rapidly multiplying stage of the parasite) can be found in different tissues accompanied by a mononuclear inflammatory reaction in small necrotic foci. Parasite multiplication during this stage of disease is most rapid in the liver, lymphoid tissues, lung, and brain. With development of immunity, the tachyzoites are cleared from the host tissues, the necrotic foci regenerate and bradyzoites (the dormant stage of T. gondii) form inside cysts mainly in the central nervous system without causing inflammatory reactions and necrosis (Frenkel 1988). This strong cell-mediated immunity (CMI) induced by T. gondii is maintained by Type 1 CD4+CD8- (Th1) and CD4-CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as interferon (IFN)-γ and protects the host against rapid parasite growth and consequent pathology (Gazzinelli et al. 1993a). However, immunity is not able to eliminate the infection since the bradyzoites inside cysts can resist protective cell-mediated response. Nevertheless, spontaneous release of parasites from cysts occurs and may boost immunologic memory, thereby explaining the long-lasting immunity induced by this infection. In immunocompetent hosts, these released bradyzoites elicit a strong inflammatory response and are eventually destroyed by the immune system. However, in immunocompromised hosts, the bradyzoites released from cysts can transform into tachyzoites, resulting in rapid parasite proliferation, severe tissue damage, and a disease, toxoplasmic encephalitis, which, if left untreated, is usually fatal. In fact, T. gondii has emerged as the major opportunistic infection of parasitic origin in the current acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic (Canning 1990; Kreiss and Castro 1990).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, MG, Brazil

    R. T. Gazzinelli

  2. Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    R. T. Gazzinelli, T. Sharton-Kersten, E. Grunwald & A. Sher

  3. Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil

    R. T. Gazzinelli

  4. Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    D. Amichay & J. M. Farber

Authors
  1. R. T. Gazzinelli
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  2. D. Amichay
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  3. T. Sharton-Kersten
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  4. E. Grunwald
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  5. J. M. Farber
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  6. A. Sher
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany

    Uwe Gross

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© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Gazzinelli, R.T., Amichay, D., Sharton-Kersten, T., Grunwald, E., Farber, J.M., Sher, A. (1996). Role of Macrophage-Derived Cytokines in the Induction and Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii . In: Gross, U. (eds) Toxoplasma gondii. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 219. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51014-4_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51014-4_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-51016-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-51014-4

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