Abstract
From the outset, endoscopic investigation of the tympanic membrane was hampered by difficulties of illumination. In the 17th century Borel used a concave mirror to reflect sunlight and was thus able to proceed to cursory examination of the external acoustic meatus and also of the tympanic membrane. In the middle of the 19th century Toynbee for the first time focussed a candle flame as a light source for an otoscope fitted with a reflecting mirror. However, no real development of otoscopic instruments could take place until the arrival of the electric light. It was only the introduction of the binocular lens with several magnifications that ushered otoscopy and the surgery of deafness into its modern period.
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© 1994 Springer-Verlag France, Paris
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Thomassin, JM. (1994). History. In: Otoendoscopically guided surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50963-6_1
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