Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Radioactive Isotopes in Physiology Diagnostics and Therapy / Künstliche Radioaktive Isotope in Physiologie Diagnostik und Therapie pp 433–448Cite as

The use of radioactive isotopes for pharmacological research

  • Chapter

  • 67 Accesses

Abstract

The use of isotopically labeled drugs has greatly broadened the scope of pharmacological research. It is now possible to study the distribution in tissue, the concentration at active sites, or the transformation in the body of almost any drug into which an isotope can be introduced. Although the stable isotopes such as oxygen-18, nitrogen-14 or carbon-13 can be incorporated into many drugs, the more easily measured radioactive tracers are generally used. Radioactive techniques are dealt with in detail in other chapters. Some of the factors which apply particularly to the use of these techniques in work with drugs have been selected for discussion here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature

  • Aebi, H., and G. Roggen: Enzymic demethylation of dimethyl-C14-aminoantipyrine. Pharm. Acta Hell,. 33, 413 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aikawa, J. K., and W. R. Carlson: The rectal absorption of mercaptomerin labeled with HgS03. Amer. J. med. Sci. 230, 622 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aikawa, J. K. and R. H. Fritz: The distribution of mercuryß03 labeled mercaptomerin in human tissues. J. clin. Invest. 35, 775 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aliprandi, B., and R. Masironi: Research on radioactive barbiturates. I. Distribution of phenobarbital in the animal organism. Ricerca Sci. 28, 1611 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansell, G. B., and H. Dohmen: Depression of phospholipide in brain tissue by chlorpromazine. J. Neurochem. 1, 150 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astudillo, M. D., M. Illera, E. Olalla, and F. SANZ: Distribution and fixation of sulfoniazid in the rat body. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 152, 562 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, J., H. Weil-Malherbe, and R. Tomchick: J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain, J. A.: Barbiturates and certain aspects of phosphorus metabolism in the central nervous system. Progr. in Neurobiol. 2, 139 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bangham, D. R.: Metabolism and excretion of carbon-14 labeled diethylcarbamazine Brit. J. Pharmacol. 10, 397 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, C. F., J. C. Schoolar, and J. L. Roth: Distribution of carbon-14 labeled isoniazid in brain. Neurology 7, 820 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. G., Jr., and F. N. Hayes: Liquid scintillation counting. New York, London, Paris, Los Angeles: Pergamon Press 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenblum, I., N. Haran-Ghera, R. Winnick, and T. Winnick: Distribution of carbon-14-labeled urethans in tissues of the mouse and subcellular localization in lung and liver. Cancer Res. 18, 181 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, K., and U. Buhler: Retention and excretion of a-phenyl-a (2-piperidyl) acetic acid methyl ester (Ritalin). Hell,. physiol. pharmacol. Acta 15, C52 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, K. and H. Thommen: The fate of antioxidants in the animal. I. The behavior of the tertiary butyl group. Hell,. chim. Acta 41, 536 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Block, W.: Relation between thiobarbiturates, fat metabolism, and methionine. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 5, 642 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Block, W. and I. Ebigt: Metabolism of radioactive barbiturates and thiobarbiturates. I. Excretion of radioactivity. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 7, 572 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borghgraef, R. M., et al.: Plasma regression, distribution and excretion of radio mercury in relation to diuresis following the intravenous administration of Hg203 labeled chlormerodrin. J. clin. Invest. 35, 1055 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borst, W. R.: Determination of the excretion and tissue distribution of the C14 carboxyl label of acetylsalicylic acid in the rat. Univ. Microfilms No. 13911 — Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet, W., S., and J. E. Christian: The excretion and tissue distribution of carbonyl-C14- salicylamide in the rat. J. Amer. Pharm. Ass. 47, 542 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brockman, R. W. M. C. Sparks, and M. S. Simpson: A comparison of the metabolism of purines and purine analogs by susceptible and drug resistant bacterial and neoplastic cells. Biochem. biophys. Acta 26, 671 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broda, E., and O. Hromatka: Metabolic studies with radioactive butter yellow. Mschr. Chem. 88, 1031 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, B. B., S. Udenfriend, and J. E. Baer: The estimation of basic organic compounds in biological material. I. General Principles. J. biol. Chem. 168, 299 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, A., and N-A. Hillarp: Release of adenosine triphosphate along with adrenaline and noradrenaline following stimulation of the adrenal medulla. Acta physiol. scand. 37, 235 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casier, H., and H. Polet: Disulfiram (antabuse) and alcohol metabolism in mice. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 113, 439 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Century, B.: Rôle of various tissues in metabolism of carbon-14-labeled priscoline (tolazoline) in the rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 92, 518 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, K. R., and R. K. Poddar: Preferential uptake of sulfone by affected skin tissue of leprosy patients as detected by a tracer method. Nature (Lond.) 178, 799 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, K. R., and R. K. Poddar: Radioactive tracer studies on uptake of diaminodiphenyl sulfone by leprosy patients. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 94, 122 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, L. C., C. Golumbic, H. Mighton, and E. Titus: Identification of small amounts of organic compounds by distribution studies. Use of buffers in counter current distribution. J. biol. Chem. 161, 321 (1945).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, L. and D. Craig: In techniques of organic chemistry. Vol. 3. 2nd edition. New York: Interscience Publishers 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, H., and C. P. Luck: The effect of acetazoleamide on the chemical composition of the aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid of some mammaliam species and on the rate of turnover of sodium-24 in these fluids. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 137, 279 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dierneier, H. F., H. S. Distefano, and A. D. Bass: Effect of alloxan on liver DNA of the rat. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 115, 240 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, A. H., and D. F. Heath: Dimethylation of dimethylnitrosoamine in rats and mice. Nature (Lond.) 178, 644 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, H. J., E. P. Jones, L. H. Mason, and R. F. Nystrom: The labeling of fatty acids by exposure to tritium gas. Chem. and Ind. 1958, 1176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, T. H., D. V. Parker, and R. T. Williams: Metabolism of cyclohexane-C14 and cyclohexanol-C14. Biochem. J. 66, 46 P (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, L. L., B. Baggett, and P. Carter: In vivo metabolism of estrodriol-1743–16-C14 in the human being: Isolation of 2-methoxyestrone-C14. Endocrinology 61, 113 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evertsbusch, V., and E. M. K. Geiling: Radioactive atropine; I. Distribution and excretion patterns in the mouse. Arch. intern. Pharmacodyn. 105, 176 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Federov, N. A.: Course of distribution and elimination of 535-promazine in rats and rabbits following different methods of administration. Referat. Zhur. Khim. Biol. Khim. 158, Abstract No. 29799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, P. J., M. L. Eidinoff, J. E. Knoll, and E. B. Simmel: Tritium in radio-autography. Science 114, 494 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, H., and C. Finnegan: Chelation in physiological systems. U.S. Atomic Energy Comm ORINS-12, 136 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedin, E. H.: The effect of estrogen and relaxin upon the uptake of glycine-1-C14 by connective tissue in vivo. Endocrinology 59, 69 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenthal, E. I., M. V. Nadkarni, and P. K. Smith: Excretion of radioactivity following administration of tris (ethylenimino-2,3-C14)-S-triazine in normal mice. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 122, 431 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmit, S., and R. Wehr: Barbiturates III. The metabolism of barbital. Z. physiol. Chem. 308, 9 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goutier, R.: Electrophoretic study of serum estarases and of the fixation of diisopropyl. fluorophosphate labeled with phosphorus-32 in serum in rabbit and guinea pig. Biochimbiophys. Acta 19, 524 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. P. D., and P. J. Nicholls: Distribution of (14C) bemegride in tissues after intravenous injection. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 14, 35 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granati, A., D. Cordischi, and F. Salvetti: Conversion of carbon monoxide into dioxide in acute experimental poisoning with carbon monoxide studied with carbon-14. Folia Med. (Naples) 39, 989 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grebennick, L. I., and I. M. Soboleva: Isotopic method for investigating elimination and distribution of typhene in the body. Farmikol i Toksikol. 19, No. 5, 50 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulyassay, P., F. DE Venuto, and U. Westphal: Effect of route of injection on the distribution and excretion of cortisol-4-C14 in the rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 98, 711 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada, T.: Radioactive tracer studies on the effect of staphylatoxoid on diffusion of penicillin into the site of infection. Gunma J. med. Sci. (Japan) 3, 201 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, H., and P. S. Lavick: A study of phosphorus composition and phosphorus-32 incorporation in irradiated lymphatic tissue. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 46, 503 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. F., and A. Dutton: Detection of metabolic products from dimethylnitrosamine in rats and mice. Biochem. J. 70, 619 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hebbelinck, M.: Influence of muscular exercise upon the metabolism of radioactive ethyl alcohol in mice. Arch. intern. Pharmacodyn. 119, 495 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich, H. C., and R. G. Heimburg: Radio-vitamin B12 resorption and the intrinsic factor. Z. Naturforsch. 116, 113 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepps, S. A., F. A. Hartman, and K. A. Brownell: Effect of cortisone and deoxycortisone on the distribution of radioactive potassium in the adrenalectomized rat. Amer. J. Physiol. 196, 153 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. K.: Autoradiographic localization of adenine nucleotide in frog’s striated muscle. J. Physiol. 145, 132 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W. N.: Distribution of carbon-14 in mice after a subcutaneous injection of testosterone-4-C14. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 23, 89 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hultin, T.: Reaction of carbon-14 labeled carcinogenic azo dyes with rat liver proteins. Exp. Cell Res. 13, 47 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jondorf, W. R., D. V. Parke, and R. T. Williams: Metabolism of hexachloroethane-C14. Biochem. J. 65, 14p (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalman, S. M.: Estrogens and uterine permeability. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 115, 442 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karrer, K., E. Broda, R. Stark, O. Hromatka, and W. Ziscmka: Metabolism experiments with radioactive disodium-4-aminobenzene-3,4’-disulfate. Mschr. Chem. 86, 444 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaulla, K. N., J. K. Aikawa, and J. D. Pettigrew: Concentration in human ovarian follicular fluid of radioactive tracers and drugs circulating in blood. Nature (Lond.) 182, 1238 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiessling, H., and A. Elmquist: Distribution and excretion of 17-a-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the rat. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 28, 502 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kisielseski, W. E., W. P. Norris, and L. A. Woodruff: Effect of BAL on the distribution and metabolism of phosphorus-32 and strontium-90. U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. ANL-5584, 91 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocsis, J. J., E. J. Walaszek, and E. M. K. Geiling: Distribution of biosynthetically labeled carbon-14 podophyllotoxin in normal and tumor-bearing animals. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 111, 134 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labrosse, E. H., J. Axelrod, and S. S. Kety: 0-methylation the principle route of metabolism of epinephrine in man. Science 128, 593 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laity, J. L. H. Action of certain drugs on the uptake of phosphorus-32 by human erythrocytes. Biochem. J. 71, 528 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakin, K. M.: The effect of pachycarpine on the rate of absorption of radioactive sodium stored in muscles. Med. Radio. 1, No. 6, 77 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebedeva, M. B.: The effect of cortisone and deoxycortisone on protein metabolism. Voprosy Med. Khim. 2, 278 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonova, E. F.: Effect of caffeine on phosphorus metabolism of heart and skeletal muscles. Vrachebnoe Delo 921 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindan, O., H. Quastel, and S. Sved: Effects of chlorpromazine on the incorporation into proteins and breakdown of glycine-1-C14 by isolated rat brain cortex. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 35, 1145 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lingjaerde, P., O. J. Malm, R. A. Natvig, and O. E. Skang: Effect of pentobarbital on the uptake of phosphorus-32 by the rat. Acta pharmacol. (Kbh.) 14, 214 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstein, J. M., T. E. Morgan, and H. Newman: Deposition in the body of carbon derived from ethyl alcohol. Stanford med. Bull. 15, 14 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maclean, P. D.: Hippocampal function: Tentative correlations of conditioning, electroencephalographic, drug and radioautographic studies. Yale J. Biol. Med. 28, 38 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N.: Toxic liver injury. Inhibition of uptake of labeled amino acids into liver protein in vivo by dimethylnitrosamine. Biochem. J. 65, 31p (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Magee, P. N.: Toxic liver injury. Inhibition of protein synthesis in rat liver by dimethylnitrosamine in vivo. Biochem. J. 70, 606 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malkinson, F. D., E. H. Ferguson, and M. C. Wang: Percutaneous absorption of cortisone-4-C14 through normal human skin. J. Invest. Derm. 28, 211 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, N., and L. Young: Biochemical studies of toxic agents II. Observations on the metabolism of 535-labeled mercapturic acid. Biochem. J. 69, 257 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matheson, A. T., and S. H. Zbarsky: Radioactive compounds excreted by rats treated with S35-labeled. Brit. Antilewisite Biochem. J. 61, 651 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcisaac, W. M., D. V. Parke, and R. T. Williams: Detoxication. Metabolism of phenyl-hydrazine and some phenylhydrazones. Biochem. J. 70 688 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellet, L. B., and L. A. Woons: Intracellular distribution of N-C14-methyllevorphanol in brain, liver and kidney tissue of the rat. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 125, 97 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. W., and H. W. Elliott: Rat tissue levels of carbon-14-labeled analgetics as related to pharmacological activity. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 113, 283 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitina, L. V.: Effects of aminazine on protein metabolism followed with S35-labeled methionine. Farmikol i Toksikol. 20, 75 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Municio, A. M.: Biochemistry of diketopiperazines II. Metabolism of 2,5-diketopiperazine3,6-C14. An. Real. Soc. Espan. Fis. y Quim. 51 B, 557 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadkarni, M. V., E. I. Goldenthal, and P. K. Smith: The distribution of radioactivity following administration of triethylenephosphoramide-P32 in tumor-bearing and control mice. Caner Res. 17, 97 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Numerof, P., M. Gordon, and J. M. Kelly: Studies in the mouse with C14-labeled reserpine. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 115, 427 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okita, G. T.: Radioactive digitalis. J. Amer. Geriat. Soc. 5, 163 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti, C., M. Durand, and M. Boiron: Depressing action of cortisone on the synthesis of hemoglobin in vitro. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 151, 2122 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parke, D. V. The metabolism of C14-nitrobenzene in the rabbit and guinea pig. Biochem. J. 62, 339 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, C. T.: Distribution and metabolic fate of S35-labeled myleran (bisulfan) in normal and tumor bearing rats. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 120, 229 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, W. F., and H. G. Friesen: Effect of growth hormone on the utilization of octanoic acid-1-C14 by rat liver slices. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 35, 497 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quequaviller, A., and S. Garcet: Distribution of an antiepiliptic drug in different tissues; a study of labeled N-benzyl-B-chloroproprionamide in the mouse. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 150, 1148 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnik, O., J. Wolfe, H. Fruman, and F. Elmadjian: Iproniazid treatment and metabolism of adrenaline in schizophrenics. Science 127, 1116 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. J., and G. P. Warwick: Studies on the metabolism of myleran (1: 4-dimethansulfonyloxybutane). Biochem. J. 72, 3p (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, J. J., R. L. Young, and A. R. Maas: Dimethylation of chlorpromazine-N-methyl-C14 Science 128, 1279 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, L. J., C. J. Schoolar, and C. F. barlow: Sulfur-35 labeled acetazolamide in cat brain. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 125, 128 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, F. S., and A. Wolfgang: Tritium-recoil labeling of organic compounds. Nucleonics, 14, 58 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rozengart, V. I., and M. N. Maslova: Effect of convulsions on the rate of penetration of radioactive methionine into proteins of liver and brain. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 109, 1176 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuma, Y.: Histopathological studies on the effect of radioactive isotopes on rabbit brain. II. Intravenous and subarachnoidal application of phosphorus-32. Acta Med. et Biol. 2, 621 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandburg, A. A., and W. R. Slaunwhite: Metabolic fate of 11-hydroxyandrostenedione-C“ in human subjects. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 96, 649 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarcione, E. J., and J. E. Sokal: Detoxication of thioracil by S-methylation. J. biol. Chem. 231, 605 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, T., M. Yamada, T. Suzuki, and T. Fukuyama: Conjugation of S35-sulfate with phenolic compounds. II. The sulfate conjugate of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene in the urine of rats given napthaline. J. Biochem. (Japan) 43, 25 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, T. T. Suzuki, T. Fukuyama, and H. Yoshikawa: Conjugation of S35-sulfate with phenolic compounds. III. Metabolism of p-cresol. p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rat liver. J. Biochem. (Japan) 43, 413 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmiterlow, C. J.: Autoradiographical study of the distribution of sulfur-35-labeled promethiazine in the body. Arch. intern. Pharmacodyn. 108, 420 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoolar, J. C., C. F. Barlow, and L. J. Roth: Autoradiography of C14-labeled isoniazid in brain. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 91, 347 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shasxov, V. S.: Effects of pentamine in sulfur-35 absorption from methionine by test animal proteins. Farmikol i Toksikol 19, 23 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shasxov, V. S.: Effects of pentamine on resorption dynamics of radioactive sodium-24 from rabbit muscle. Farmikal i Toksikal 21, 59 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, H., R. C. Lucas, and W. H. Tsien: The metabolism of reserpine-C14. Arch. intern. Pharmacodyn. 103, 256 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, H. W. H. Tsien, A. J. Plummer, E. A. Pests, B. J. Giletti, and A. R. Schulert: Brain reserpine levels following large and small doses of reserpine-H3. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 97, 717 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sikov, M. R., and T. R. Noonan: Anomalous development induced in the intrauterine rat by the maternal administration of radio phosphorus. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission UR-479 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Skipper, H. E., L. I. Bennet, C. E. Bryan, L. White, M. A. Newtone, and L. Simpson: Carbamates in the chemotherapy of leukemia VIII. Overall tracer studies on carbonyl-labeled urethane, methylene-labeled urethane and methylene labeled ethyl alcohol. Cancer Res. 11, 46 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. C.: Metabolism of pentaquine in the Rhesus monkey. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 116, 67 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, G. A.: The metabolism of compounds related to ethanethiol. Biochem. J. 65, 77 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somerville, A. R., A. F. Henson, M. E. Cooke, M. E. Farquharson, and M. W. Goldblatt: Metabolism of bladder carcinogens 2. The metabolic path of 2-(8–14C) naphthylamine in the rabbit and in the rat. Biochem. J. 63, 290 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stole, A., E. Rothein, J. Rutschmann, and W. R. Schlach: Distribution and fate of C“- labeledlysergic diethylamide in the animal body. Experientia (Basel) 11, 396 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. H.: Some uses of tritium in radio autography, in proceedings of the symposium on advances in tracer application of tritium. New England Nuclear Corp., Boston 18, Mass. (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. H., P. S. Woods, and W. L. Hughes: The organization and duplication of chromosomes as revealed by autoradiographic studies using tritium labeled thymidine. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 43, 122 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Titus, E., and H. Weiss: The use of biologically prepared radioactive indicators in metabolism studies: Metabolism of pentobarbital. J. biol. Chem. 214, 807 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Trams, E. G., and C. T. Klopp: Distribution of radio carbon in liver choline, creatine and methionine after the injection of methyl-C14-bis(-B-chloroethyl)amine. Cancer Res. 15, 617 (1955)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twombly, G. H., C. Zomzely, and H. Meislich: The metabolic fate of 2-naphthylamine-C14in animals and humans. Acta Un. int. Cancr. 13, 23 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ultmann, J. E., and P. Feigelson: The effects of 8-azaguanine and 6-mercaptopurine on purine catabolism in the rat. Cancer Res. 18, 1319 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. National Bureau of Standards: Handbook No. 52 Maximum permissible amounts of radio-isotopes in the human body and maximum permissible concentration in air and water. Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Usanova, M. I., and S. E. Schnol: The distribution of caffeine in the animal organism and its penetration from the mother to the fetus. Byall eksp. Biol. i Med. 40, 41 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vigne, J. C., and J. A. Fondarai: Study in situ of the concentration of 3-methyl-5-phenyl-5- ethylhydantoin-4-C14 in the cerebral cortex. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 152, 804 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viser, W. J., W. C. Liu, and L. J. Roth: Studies on the fate of carbon-14 labeled phenolphthalein. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 117, 347 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walkenstein, S., N. Chuneakow, and J. Seifter: Detoxication and excretion of Mephenteramine-C14. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 115, 16 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walkenstein, S. and J. Seifter: Fate, distribution and excretion of S35-promazine. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 125, 283 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waser, P. G.: Autoradiography of end plates with radioactive curarine after denervation and administration of prostigmine or SKF-525-A. Helv. physiol. pharmacol. Acta 16, 171 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waser, P. G. and U. Lutki: Autoradiography of end plates with carbon-l4-labeled calabash curarine and C14 labeled decamethonium. Nature (Lond.) 178, 981 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waser, P. G. and U. Lutki: Localization of C14-curare and C14-decamethonium in the motor end plates. Arch. intern. Pharmacodyn. 112, 272 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weil-Malherbe, H., and A. D. Bone: The chemical estimation of adrenaline-like substances in blood. Biochem. J. 51, 311 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburger, E. K., J. H. Weisburger, C. A. Velat, and H. P. Morris: The fate of the methyl group in 2-methyl-C14-aminofluorene. J. biol. Chem. 221, 845 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburger, J. H., E. K. Weisburger, and H. P. Morris: Differences in the metabolism of N-2-fluorenylacetamide in the guinea pig and in the rat. Cancer Res. 18, 1039 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westin, B., and E. Odeblad: Radioactive sodium-24 clearance during anesthesia in the rat. Acta chir. scand. 109, 315 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, R. G., and S. M. Weidmann: The effect of parathormone on the uptake of “P into ATP and bone salt in kittens. Biochem. J. 71, 312 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. H., and B. W. Tucker: Hypoglycemic actions of tolbutamide and carbutamide. Metabolism 5, 801 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. T.: Detoxication mechanisms. New York: J. Wiley 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilzbach, K. E.: Tritium labeling by exposure of organic compounds to tritium gas. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 79, 1013 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, F. P. W.: Labeled metabolic pools for studying quantitatively the biochemistry of toxic action. Intern. J. appl. Radiol. 1. 57 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woons, L. A., L. B. Mellet, and K. S. Andersen: Synthesis and estimation of N-C14-labeled levorphanol and its biological disposition in the monkey, dog and rat. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 124, 1 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zograbyan, S. B., and S. E. Shnol: The use of labeled atoms in the study of barbital distribution in the central nervous system. Ref. Zur Khim Biol Khim No. 11548 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilversmit, D. B., C. Entenman, and M. C. Fishler: On the calculation of turnover time and turnover rate from experiments involving the use of labeling agents. J. gen. Physiol. 26, 325 (1943).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Daniel E. Duggan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elwood O. Titus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

H. Schwiegk F. Turba

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1961 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Göttingen · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duggan, D.E., Titus, E.O. (1961). The use of radioactive isotopes for pharmacological research. In: Schwiegk, H., Turba, F. (eds) Radioactive Isotopes in Physiology Diagnostics and Therapy / Künstliche Radioaktive Isotope in Physiologie Diagnostik und Therapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49762-9_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49762-9_30

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-49478-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-49762-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation