Abstract
Immunological investigations in the broadest sense encompass a comprehensive area of endeavor. The present review will therefore not attempt to cover all of the areas, nor all that has been done with isotopes in any one immunological area. Rather the reviewer will attempt to show the use of radioisotopes in immunochemical and immunological areas with which he has been dealing, as well as other areas which have been actively investigated in the department with which he has been associated. Of the many review articles and published symposia dealing with the use and application of radioactive isotopes in immunological research the following are most comprehensive [Coons, Masouredis (1957), Hollaender, Bale (1957), Dixon]. The main areas to be covered (1953-July, 1958) are as follows: A) Procedures employed for radio labelling antigens and antibodies; B) Antigen-antibody reactions “in vitro”, C) Metabolism and fate of antigens and antibodies “in vivo”, including soluble antigen-antibody complexes; D) “In vitro” research on antibody synthesis; and E) Use of radioisotopes in such areas as “immunological unresponsiveness.”
These studies were supported by a grant (E-1268) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases N. I. H., and by a contract with the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Contract No. 49-007-MD-248. Publication No. 198, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania.
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References
Section A
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Section B
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Skom, J. H., and D. W. Talmage: Non precipitating insulin binding antibodies. J. Lab. clin. Med. 48, 943 (1956); J. clin. Invest. 37, 783 (1958).
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Talmage, D. W., and G. G. Freter: Diversity of hemolytic activity of anti red blood cell antibodies. J. infect. Dis. 98, 277 (1956).
Talmage, D. W. and P. H. Maurer: 1131 labelled antigen precipitation as a measure of quantity and quality of antibody. J. infect. Dis. 92, 288 (1953).
Vaughan, J. H., and E. A. Kabat: Studies on the antibodies in rabbit antisera responsible for sensitization of human skin. J. exp. Med. 97, 821 (1953).
Weigle, W. O., and P. H. Maurer: The effect of complements on soluble antigen-antibody complexes. J. Immunol. 79, 211 (1957) (1).
Weigle, W. O., and P. H. Maurer: Molecular ratio of soluble rabbit antigen-antibody complexes. J. Immunol. 79, 223 (1957) (2).
Weigle, W. O., and P. H. Maurer: Behavior of complement in antigen-antibody-complement precipitates. J. Immunol. 79, 319 (1957) (3).
Weigle, W. O., and P. H. Maurer: The effect of chemical and physical treatments of sera on the hemolytic activities and fixation of complement nitrogen by antigen-antibody precipitates. J. Immunol. 79, 370 (1957) (4).
Weigle, W. O., and P. H. Maurer: The “transfer” of complement from one antigen-antibody complex to another. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 96, 371 (1957) (5).
Weinrach, R. S., and D. W. Talmage: Relation between hemolysin concentration and hemolytic rate as measured with Cr 51 labelled cells. J. infect. Dis. 102, 60 (1958).
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Section C
Askonas, B. A., and R. G. White: Sites of antibody production in the guinea pig. The relation between in vitro synthesis of anti ovalbumin and y globulin and distribution of antibiody containing plasma cells. Brit. J. exp. Path. 37, 61 (1956).
Campbell, D. H., and J. S. Garvey: The fate of labelled foreign antigens in the livers of normal and immunized rabbits. Int Arch. Allergy 12, 70 (1958).
Cheng, H. F., and F. Haurowitz: Incorporation of S35 amino acids into antibodies in primary and secondary responses. Fed. Proc. 16, 409 (1957).
Cohen, S., R. C. Holloway, C. Matthews, and A. S. Mcfarlane: Distribution and elimination of I’s’ and C14 labelled plasma proteins in the rabbit. Biochem. J. 62, 143 (1956).
Dixon, F. J. Metabolism of antigens and antibody. J. Allergy 25, 487 (1954).
Cohen, S., R.: Characterization of the antibody response. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 50, Suppl. I, 27 (1957).
Cohen, S., R. and P. H. Maurer: The fate of antibody following “in vivo” combination with specific antigen. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 84, 442 (1953).
Cohen, S., R. and P. H. Maurer: Specificity of the secondary response to protein antigens. J. Immunol. 74, 418 (1955).
Cohen, S., R. and P. H. Maurer: and M. P. DEICHMILLER: Primary and specific anamnestic antibody responses of rabbits to heterologous serum protein antigens. J. Immunol. 72, 179 (1954).
Cohen, S., R. and P. H. MaurerW. O. Weigle, and M. P. Deichmiller: Rates of antibody synthesis during first, second and hyperimmune responses of rabbits to bovine gamma globulin. J. exp. Med. 103, 425 (1956).
Cohen, S., R. D. W. Talmage, P. H. Maurer, and M. P. Deichmiller: The half life of homologous gamma globulin in several species. J. exp. Med. 96, 313 (1952).
Francis, G. E., and J. D. Hawkins: Role of leukocytes and non plasma antibody in the removal of antigen proteins from the blood stream of immunized rabbits. Biochem. J. 69, 287 (1958).
Francis, G. E., J. D. Hawkins and A. Wormall: The fate of some intravenously injected native proteins in normal and immune rabbits. Biochem. J. 65, 560 (1957).
Garvey, J. S., and D. H. Campbell: The relation of circulating antibody concentration to localization of labelled (535) antigen. J. Immunol. 72, 131 (1954) (1).
Garvey, J. S., and D. H. Campbell: Studies of the retentian and properties of 535 labelled antigen in livers of immunized rabbits. J. Immunol. 76, 36 (1956) (2).
Garvey, J. S., and D. H. Campbell: The retention of 535 labelled bovine serum albumin in normal and immunized rabbit liver tissue. J. exp. Med. 105, 361 (1957) (3).
Garvey, J. S., and D. H. Campbell: The in vivo identification in liver tissue of an SH azo label with its protein carrier. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 73, 507 (1958) (4).
Garvey, J. S., and D. H. Campbell: Effect of secondary injections of antigens upon the retention in the liver of a primary injection. J. exp. Med. 107, 497 (1958) (5).
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Haurowitz, F., H. H. Reller, and H. Walter: Metabolic fate of isotopically labelled protein, azo proteins, and azo haptenes. J. Immunol. 75, 417 (1955).
Hawkins, J. D.: The binding of a haptene by antibody in vivo. Biochem. J. 67, 537 (1957).
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Koshland, M. E.: Mechanism of antibody formation I. Fate of I“ labelled diphtheria toxoid at the site of antibody formation. J. Immunol. 79, 162 (1957).
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Mcfarlane, A. S.: The behavior of I“ labelled proteins in vivo. Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci. 70, 19 (1957).
Mcmaster, P. D., and J. L. Edwards: Impairment of the antigenicity of a protein antigen following its injection into rabbits. J. exp. Med. 106, 219 (1957).
Miller, L. L., and W. F. Bale: Synthesis of all plasma protein fractions except gamma globulins by the liver. J. exp. Med. 99, 125 (1954).
Stavitsky, A. B.: Antibody synthesis by homotransplanted cells and tissues III. Mechanisms of antibody synthesis during the secondary response in the recipient animal. Brit. J. exp. Path. 39, 46 (1958).
Sternberger, L. A.: Studies on non precipitating antibody II. Circulating antibody-antigen complex following repeat injections of antigen. J. exp. Med. 103, 545 (1956).
Sternberger, L. A.: Non precipitating antibody and circulating antigen-antibody complex. J. Allergy 28, 40 (1957).
Sternberger, L. A.: S. M. Feinberg, and M. E. CLARKE: Conversion of non precipitating antibody to precipitin like material “in vitro.” J. exp. Med. 103, 523 (1956).
Sternberger, L. A.: F. Maltaner, and Deweerdt: The estimation of circulating antibody-antigen complexes. J. exp. Med. 98, 451 (1953).
Taliaferro, WM. H.: Synthesis and degradation of antibody. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 50, 1 (1957).
Taliaferro, WM. H. and L. G. Taliaferro: Amino acid incorporation into precipitin at different stages in the secondary response to bovine serum albumin. J. infect. Dis. 101, 252 (1957).
Taliaferro, WM. H.: and D. W. Talmage: Absence of amino acid incorporation into antibody during the induction period. J. infect. Dis. 97, 88 (1955).
Talmage, D. W., F. J. Dixon, S. C. Bukantz, and G. J. Dammin: Antigen elimination from the blood as an early manifestation of the immune response. J. Immunol. 67, 243 (1951).
Talmage, D. W. and W. H. Taliaferro: Antibodies in the rabbit with different rates of metabolic decay. J. infect. Dis. 99, 21 (1956).
Weigle, W O: Elimination of 1181 labelled homologous and heterologous serum proteins from blood of various species. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 94, 306 (1957).
Weigle, W O: The nature of antigen-antibody complexes in rabbits during an immune response to bovine serum albumin. J. exp. Med. 107, 653 (1958).
Weigle, W O and F. J. Dixon: Elimination of heterologous serum proteins and associated antibody responses in guinea pigs and rats. J. Immunol. 79, 24 (1957).
Section D
Askonas, A. A., J. H. Humphrey, and R. R. Porter: On the origin of multiple forms of gamma globulin. A study of antibody formation, relation of antibody to y globlin and other globulins Biochem. J. 63, 412 (1956).
Askonas, B. A., and J. H. Humphrey: Formation of specific antibodies and y globulin in vitro. A study of the synthetic ability of various tissues from rabbits immunized by different methods. Biochem. J. 68, 252 (1958).
Askonas, B. A. and R. G. White: Sites of antibody production in the guinea pig. The relation between in vitro synthesis of anti ovalbumin and y globulin and distribution of antibody containing plasma cells. Brit. J. exp. Path. 37, 61 (1956).
Humphrey, J. H., and R. R. Porter: An investigation of rabbit antibodies by the use of partition chromatography. Biochem. J. 62, 93 (1956).
Ogata, K., M. Ogata, Y. Mochizuki, and T. Nishiyama: The in vitro incorporation of C14 glycine into antibody and other protein fractions by popliteal lymph nodes of rabbits following the local injection of crystalline ovalbumin. J. Biochem. (Japan) 43, 653 (1956).
Porter, R. R.: The fractionation of rabbit y globulin by partition chromatography. Biochem. J. 59, 405 (1955).
Dixon, F. J., and P. H. Maurer: Immunologic unresponsiveness induced by protein antigens J. exp. Med. 101, 245 (1955).
Dixon, F. J., and P. H. Maurer and W. O. Weigle: Immunologic activity of SIII fixed in tissues of mice. J. Immunol. 74, 188 (1955).
Dixon, F. J. and W. O. Weigle: Immunologic inadequacy of neonatal rabbits as revealed by cell transfer studies. J. exp. Med. 105, 75 (1957) (1).
Dixon, F. J. and W. O. Weigle and J. C. Roberts: Comparison of the antibody responses associated with transfer of rabbit lymph node, peritoneal exudate, and thymus cells. J. Immunol. 78, 56 (1957) (2).
Roberts, J. C., and F. J. Dixon: Transfer of lymph node cells in a study of the immune response to foreign proteins. J. exp. Med. 102, 379 (1955) (3).
Smith, R. T., and R. A. Bridges: Immunological unresponsiveness in rabbits produced by neonatal injections of defined antigens. J. exp. Med. 108, 227 (1958).
Stark, O. K.: The mechanism involved in the production of immunological paralysis by Type I (SI). J. Immunol. 74, 130 (1955).
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Maurer, P.H. (1961). Radioactive Isotopes in Immunology. In: Schwiegk, H., Turba, F. (eds) Radioactive Isotopes in Physiology Diagnostics and Therapy / Künstliche Radioaktive Isotope in Physiologie Diagnostik und Therapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49762-9_28
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