Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Snake Venoms

  • Chapter
Book cover Bradykinin, Kallidin and Kallikrein

Abstract

For many years pharmacologists have been interested in biologically active proteins in snake venoms (Kaiser and Michel, 1958). Highly specific methods are often necessary in enzymatic studies, and enzymes from snake venoms are used in some of these methods. These enzymes include phospholipase A (EC 3.1.1.4), L-amino-acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.2), phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1), and 5′-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5). Much of the literature on these has been reviewed (Zeller, 1948, 1951; Van Heyningen, 1954; Slotta, 1955; Sarker and Devi, 1968). The availability of highly purified enzyme proteins has enabled rapid progress in the characterization of many enzymes and of their biological activity, so more up-to-date reviews are constantly required. Proteinase and arginine ester hydrolase activity have been found in the venoms of Crotalidae (Agkistrodon, Bothrops, Crotalus, Lachesis, and Trimeresurus species) and some venoms of Viperidae. The venoms of Elapidae usually do not contain proteinase or arginine ester hydrolase activity and thus they do not digest proteins, but they react strongly toward peptides of rather small molecular weight (Murata et al., 1963).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arthub, M.: De 1’Anaphyloxie à l’Immunité. Paris 1921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axén, R., Gross, R., Witkop, B., Pierce, J. V., Webster, M. E.: Release of kinin activity from human kininogens and fresh plasma. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 23, 92 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Contzen, C., Holtz, P., Raudonat, H. W.: Über das Bradykinin bildende Prinzip des Bothrops-Giftes. Naturwissenschaften 46, 402 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, H. F., Diniz, C. R.: Some proteolytic activities of snake venoms. J. biol. Chem. 216, 17 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle, H.: The coagulation of blood by snake venoms and its physiologic significance. J. exp. Med. 65, 613 (1937).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, W., Holden, H. F., Kellaway, C. H.: Liberation of histamine from the perfused lung by snake venom. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 90, 257 (1937d).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, W., Kellaway, C. H.: The circulatory and pulmonary effects of the venom of the Australian copperhead (Denisonia superba). Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 15, 81 (1937a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, W., Kellaway, C. H.: Circulatory effects of the venom of the Indian cobra (Naja naja) in dogs. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 15, 441 (1937b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, W., Kellaway, C. H.: Liberation of histamine and formation of lysolecithin-like substances by cobra venom. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 94, 187 (1937c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, S. H.: Bradykinin-potentiating factor. In: Hypotensive peptides, p. 356, ed. by E. G. Erdös, N. BACK and F. Sicuteri. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, S. H., Rocha E, Silva, M.: Potentiation of bradykinin and eledoisin by BPF (bradykinin potentiating factor) from Bothrops jararaca venom. Experientia (Basel) 21, 347 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gladner, J. A., Murtagh, P. M., Folk, J. E., LAKI, K.: Nature of peptides released by thrombin. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 104, 47 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, W. R., Hartley, B. S.: A fluorescent end-group reagent for proteins and peptides. Biochem. J. 89, 59 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, L. J., Stewart, J. M., Ferreira, S. H.: Bradykinin-potentiating peptides from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. Pharmacol. Res. Comm. 1, 159 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, E., Witkop, B.: Nonenzymatic cleavage of peptide bonds: The methionine residues in bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. J. biol. Chem. 237, 1856 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, E.: Über Zusammenhänge zwischen esterolytischen und pharmakologischen Wirkungen von Jararacagift, Kallikrein und Thrombin. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 236, 492 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, E.: Diisopropylfluorophosphat-Hemmung esterolytischer und pharmakologischer Wirkungen von Kallikrein und Schlangengiften. Naturwissenschaften 47, 111 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, E.: Zuordnung pharmakologischer und enzymatischer Wirkungen von Kallikrein und Schlan• gengiften mittels Diisopropylfluorophosphat und Elektrophorese. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 240, 552 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, E.: Strukturaufklärung kinnliefernder Peptide aus Rinderserum-Kininogen. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 253, 474 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, E., Blennemann, G.: Über Substrate und Reaktionsprodukte der kininbildenden Enzyme Trypsin, Serum-und Pankreas-Kallikrein sowie von Crotalusgift. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 249, 357 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamberg, U.: Isolation and molar activity of human bradykinin. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 7, 95 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamberg, U., Deutsch, H. F.: A large scale preparation of bradykinin. Arch. Biochem. 76, 262 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamberg, U., Rocha E, Silva, M.: Release of bradykinin as related to the esterase activity of trypsin and of the venom of Bothrops jararaca. Experientia (Basel) 13, 489 (1957a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamberg, U., Rocha E, Silva, M.: On the release of bradykinin by trypsin snake venoms. Arch. in Pharmacodyn. 110, 222 (1957b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriques, O. B., Fichman, M., Beraldo, W. T.: Bradykinin-releasing factor from Bothrops jararaca venom. Nature (Lond.) 187, 414 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henriques, O. B., Fichman, M., Mandelbaum, F. R., Henriques, S. B.: Proteolytic enzymes of Bothrops venom. Mem. Inst. Butantan Simp. Internac. 33, 359 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henriques, O. B., Fichman, M., Picarelli, Z. P., Ferrase De Oliveira, M. C.: Partial purification of the plasma substrate for the bradykinin-releasing enzyme from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. Biochem. Pharmacol. 11, 707 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heyningen, W. E.: Toxic proteins. In: The proteins, 1st ed., vol. 2, p. 345, ed. by H. Neurate. New York 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtz, P., Raudonat, H. W.: Über Beziehungen zwischen proteolytischer Aktivität und blutcoagulierender sowie bradykinin-freisetzender Wirkung von Schlangengiften. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 229, 113 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holtz, P., Contzen, C.: Über das bradykininbildende Prinzip des Schlangengiftes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 239, 54 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwanaga, S., Omori, T., Oshima, G., Suzuki, T.: Studies on snake venoms. XVI. Demonstration of a proteinase with hemorrhagic activity in the venom of Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii. J. Biochem. 57, 392 (1965a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwanaga, S., Sato, T., Mizushiwa, Y., Suzuki, T.: Studies on snake venoms. XVII. Properties of the bradykinin releasing enzyme in the venom of Agkistrodon halys blomho f f ii. J. Biochem. 58, 123 (1965b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, R., Meier, R.: Pharmacological characteristics of bradykinin B. Experientia (Basel) 16, 371 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John, G., Vogt, W.: Kininbildung in frischem und glasaktiviertem menschlichem Plasma. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 251, 186 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, E., Michel, H.: Die Biochemie der tierischen Gifte. Vienna 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, H., Nagasawa, S., Suzuki, T.: Relationship between tertiary structure and kinin yielding ability of bovine kininogen. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 27, 163 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, H., Suzuki, T.: Structures of bradykinin potentiators isolated from snake venoms. (In Japanese.) J. J.p. Biochem. Soc. 40, 574 (1968a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, H., Suzuki, T.: The location and nature of the linkage of kinin moiety in bovine kininogen-II. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 32, 800 (1968b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, H., Suzuki, T.: Isolation and identification of bradykinin potentiators in snake venoms. Pharmacol. Res. Comm. 1, 166 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margolis, J., Bishop, E. A.: Studies on plasma kinins. I. The composition of kininogen complex. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 41, 293 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsano, A., Croxatto, R., Croxatto, H.: Proteolytic action of the venom of Lachesis neuwiedii. Bol. Soc. Biol. Santiago 2, 350 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S. W.: Physiology and toxicology of the venom of the rattlesnake. Smithson. Contrib. 12, 1 (1861).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsano, A., Reichert, E. T.: Researches upon the venoms of poisonous serpents. Smithson. Contrib. 26, 1 (1886).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murata, Y., Satake, M., Suzuki, T.: Studies on snake venom. XII. Distribution of proteinase activities among Japanese and Formosan snake venoms. J. Biochem. 53, 431 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa, S., Horiuchi, K., Yano, M., Suzuki, T.: Partial purification of bovine plasma kallikrein activated by contact with glass. J. Biochem. 62, 398 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa, S., Sato, T., Mizushima, Y., Iwanaga, S., Suzuki, T.: Studies on the chemical nature of bovine bradykininogen: Determinations of amino acid, carbohydrate, amino and carboxyl terminal residues. J. Biochem. 60, 643 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omori, T., Iwanaga, S., Suzuki, T.: The relationship between the hemorrhagic and lethal activities of Japanese mamushi (Agkistrodon halys blomhof fii) venom. Toxicon 2, 1 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osbahr, A. J., Gladner, J. A., Laki, K.: Studies on the physiological activity of the peptide released during the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 86, 535 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oshima, G., Iwanaga, S., Suzuki, T.: Studies on snake venoms. XVIII. An improved method for purification of the proteinase b from the venom of Agkistrodon halys blomho f f ii and its physicochemical properties. J. Biochem. 64, 215 (1968a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oshima, G., Matsuo, Y., Iwanaga, S., Suzuki, T.: Studies on snake venoms. XIX. Purification and some physicochemical properties of proteinase a and c from the venom of Agkistrodon halys blomhof fii. J. Biochem. 64, 227 (1968b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oshima, G., Sato-Omori, T., Suzuki, T.: Distribution of proteinase, arginine-ester hydrolase and kinin releasing enzyme in various kinds of snake venoms. Toxicon 7, 229 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfleiderer, T., Sumyk, G.: Investigation of snake venoms enzyme. I. Separation of rattlesnake venom proteinases by cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Biochim. biophys. Acta 51, 482 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, J. V., Webster, M. E.: The purification and some properties of two different kallidinogens from human plasma. In: Hypotensive peptides, p. 130, ed. by E. G. Erdös, N. Back and F. Sicuteri. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prado, J. L., Prado, E. S., Catharina, M., Brandi, W., Katchburian, A. V.: Some properties of highly purified horse urinary kallikrein. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 104, 186 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raudonat, H. W., Rocha E SILVA, M.: Separation of the bradykinin releasing enzyme from the clotting factor in venom from Bothrops jararaca. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 243, 232 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Silva, M.: Action de la trypsin sur l’utérus de cobaye. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 130, 184 (1939a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Silva, M.: Liberation de l’histamine par la perfusion du poumon de cobaye au moyen de la trypsine. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 130, 186 (1939b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Silva, M.: Beiträge zur Pharmakologie des Trypsins. I. Wirkung des Trypsins auf die glatten Muskeln des Dünndarms und die Gebärmutter von Säugetieren. Die Freisetzung von Histamin nach Durchströmung der Meerschweinchenlunge mit Trypsin. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 194, 335 (1940a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Silva, M.: Beiträge zur Pharmakologie des Trypsins. II. Wirkung des Trypsins auf den Blutkreislauf bei Katze, Kaninchen und Hund. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 194, 351 (1940b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Andrade, S.: Studies on dicoumarin-3,3’-methylene-bis-(4-hydroxycoumarin). II. Coagulant effect of snake venoms (from Bothrops and Crotalus) upon oxalated plasmas from normal and dicoumarin treated animals. Arch. Inst. Biol. 16, 115 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Beraldo, W. T., Rosenfeld, G.: Bradykinin, a hypotensive and smooth muscle stimulating factor released from plasma globulin by snake venoms and by trypsin. Amer. J. Physiol. 156, 261 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarker, N. K., Devi, A.: Enzymes in snake venoms. In: Venomous animals and their venoms, p. 167, ed. by W. Bucherl, E. Buckley and V. Dirlofeu. New York 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satake, M., Murata, Y., Suzuki, T.: Studies on snake venoms. XIII. Chromatographic separation and properties of three proteinases from Agkistrodon halys blomho f f ii venom. J. Biochem. 53, 438 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, T.: Unpublished observation (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, T.: Thesis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Univ. (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, T., Iwanaga, S., Mizushima, Y., Suzuki, T.: Studies on snake venoms. XV. Separation of arginine ester hydrolase of Agkistrodon halys blomhof fii venom into three enzymatic entities; “bradykinin releasing,” “clotting” and “permeability increasing.” J. Biochem. 57, 151 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwer, G. H., Neurath, H., Kaufman, S., Snolke, J.: The specific esterase activity of trypsin. J. biol. Chem. 172, 221 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slotta, K.: Chemistry and biochemistry of snake venoms. Progr. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 12, 406 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., Iwanaga, S., Nagasawa, S., Sato, T.: Purification and properties of bradykininogen and of the bradykinin-releasing and -destroying enzymes in snake venom. In: Hypotensive peptides, p. 149, ed. by E. G. Erdös, N. Back and F. Sicuteri. BerlinHeidelberg-New York: Springer 1966a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., Sato, T., Nagasawa, S., Kato, H., YANO, M.: Biochemical properties of kininogen and kinin releasing enzymes. In: Internat. Symposium on Vasoactive Polypeptides: Bradykinin and Related Kinins, p 27, ed. by M. Rocha E Silva and H. A. Rothschild Sâo Paulo 1966b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., Mizushima, Y., Sato, T., Iwanaga, S.: Purification of bovine bradykininogen. J. Biochem. 57, 14 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W.: Ein komplettes zweites kininbildendes System in menschlichem Plasma. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 251, 186 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W.: Untersuchungen zur Existenz zweier verschiedener kininbildender Systeme in menschlichem Plasma. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 256, 127 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, M. E., Pierce, J. V.: Studies on plasma kallikrein and its relationship to plasmin. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 130, 484 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, M. E., Pierce, J. V.: Action of the kallikreins on synthetic ester substrates. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 107, 186 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, M. E., Pierce, J. V.: The nature of the kallidins released from human plasma by kallikreins and other enzymes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 104, 91 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeller, E. A.: Enzymes of snake venoms and their biological significance. Advanc. Enzymol. 8, 459 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeller, E. A.: Enzymes as essential components of toxins. In: The proteins, 1st ed., vol. 1, p. 986, ed. by H. Neurath. New York 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuber, H., Jaques, R.: Isolierung von Bradykinin aus Rinderplasma nach Einwirkung von Schlangengift (Bothrops jararaca). Helv. chim. Acta 43, 1128 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Tomoji Suzuki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sadaaki Iwanaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

    Ervin G. Erdös

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1970 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suzuki, T., Iwanaga, S. (1970). Snake Venoms. In: Erdös, E.G., Wilde, A.F. (eds) Bradykinin, Kallidin and Kallikrein. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology / Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, vol 25 / 25. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46222-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46222-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-46224-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-46222-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation