Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Synthetic Antigens

  • Conference paper
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 43))

Abstract

Delayed-type hypersensitivity, originally thought to be limited to the tuberculin reaction, has been found during the last two decades to be associated with various other immunological phenomena such as resistance to certain infectious diseases, contact allergy, auto-allergic disorders and transplantation immunity. The definition of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions, adopted in this review, will be that given by Uhr (1966): “immunologically specific reactions that are not visible macroscopically for at least 4 hr after antigenic challenge and can occur in the absence of detectable circulating antibody”. Different aspects of these reactions have been reviewed recently by Crowle (1962) and Uhr (1966). An important contribution to the elucidation of the nature of delayed sensitivity was made by the use of purified proteins as sensitizing antigens. These studies were reviewed by Gell and Benacerraf (1961) and by Nelson and Boyden (1964).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackroyd, J. F., and A. Rook: Drug reactions. In: Clinical aspects of immunology (P. G. H. GELL and R. R. A. Coombs, eds.), p. 448—496. Oxford: Blackwel 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asherson, G. L., and S. H. Stone: Selective and specific inhibition of 24-hour skin reactions in the guinea-pig. I. Immune deviation: description of the phenomenon and the effect of splenectomy. Immunology 9, 205—217 (1965).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, A. E., A. C. Trakatellis, and K. Hofmann: Antigenicity of synthetic polypeptides with known amino acid sequence. Nature (Lond.) 197, 146—148 (1963)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, H., and S. D. Chaparas: Delayed skin reactivity to carbohydrate and protein fractions of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) culture filtrate in the absence and presence of serum antibody. J. Immunol. 96, 353—357 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, R. C. Watkins, and R.T. Bowser: Delayed contact sensitivity to catechols and resorcinols. The relationship of structure and immunization procedure to sensitizing capacity. Immunochemistry 3, 479—485 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, S. A., C. N. D. Cruickshank, J. H. Morris, and S. R. Wood: The isolation of trichophytin glycopeptide and its structure in relation to the immediate and delayed reactions. Immunology 5, 627—632 ().

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauminger, S., I. Schechter, and M.Sela: Specificity of immunological tolerance to poly-dl-alanyl proteins. Immunochemistry 4, I69—181 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benacerraf, B., and P. G. H. Gell: Studies on hypersensitivity. I. Delayed and Arthus-type skin reactivity to protein conjugates in guinea-pigs. Immunology 2, 53—63 (1959).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, and B. B. Levine: Immunological specificity of delayed and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. J. exp. Med. 115, 1023—1036 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, A. Ojeda, and P. H. Maurer: Studies on artificial antigens. II. The antigenicity in guinea pigs of arsanihc acid conjugates of copolymers of d- or l-a-amino acids. J. exp. Med. 118, 945—952 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Efraim, S.: Reponse immunologique de cobayes de souches histocompatible a des antigenes synthetiques. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 112, 476—494 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, S. Fuchs, and M. Sela: Hypersensitivity to a synthetic polypeptide: induction of a delayed reaction. Science 139, 1222—1223 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, S. Fuchs, and M. Sela.: Differences in immune response to synthetic antigens in two inbred strains of guinea-pigs. Immunology 12, 573—581 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, and P. H. Maurer: Immune response to polypeptides (poly-α-amino acids) in inbred guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 97, 577—586 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B. R., and B. Bennett: Mechanism of a reaction in vitro associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity. Science 153, 80—82 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borek, F., and A. M. Silverstein: Specificity of guinea-pig antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity. Nature (Lond.) 205, 299—300 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borek, F., A. M. Silverstein, and P. G. H. Gell: Delayed hypersensitivity to hapten-protein conjugates. III. Saccharides as haptens. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 114, 266—270 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Borek, F., A. M. Silverstein, and Y. Stupp: Specificity of delayed reactions to hapten-polypeptide conjugates. Immunochemistry 2, 323—328 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borek, F., and A. M. Silverstein.: The degree of coupling and the immunogenicity of p azobenzenearsonate conjugates of poly-l-tyrosine. Immunochemistry 3, 339—340 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borek, F., A. M. Silverstein, and M. Sela: Immunogenicity and role of size: response of guinea pigs to oligotyrosine and tyrosine derivatives. Science 150, 1177—1178 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borek, F., A. M. Silverstein, and M. Sela.: Immunogenicity of hapten conjugates of poly-d-tyrosine. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 140, 36O—362 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Borel, Y., M. Fauconnet, and P. Miescher: Dissociation of immune responses by the induction of partial unresponsiveness. Relationship of PC A and complement- fixing antibody formation to the suppression of delayed hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 98, 881—887 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, W. C.: Fundamentals of immunology, 2nd ed., p. 84. New York and London: Interscience Publ. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calnan, C. D.: Allergic contact dermatitis. In: Clinical aspects of immunology. (P. G. H. Gell and R. R. A. Coombs, eds.), p. 514—534. Oxford: Blackwell 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. H.: An antigenic polysaccharide fraction of Ascaris lumbricoides (from hog). J. infect. Dis. 59, 266—280 (1936).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W.: Models for hypersensitivity states. In: Cellular and humoral aspects of hypersensitive states (H. S. Lawrence, ed.), p. 251—278. New York: Hoebner- Harper 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinader, B., and J. H. Pearce: The specificity of acquired immunological tolerance to azo proteins. Brit. J. exp. Path. 39, 8—29 (1958).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, J. E., J. D. Feldman, and S.J.Lee: Immunologic competence of thoracic duct cells. I. Delayed hypersensitivity. J. exp. Med. 123, 267—281 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowle, A. J.: Delayed hypersensitivity in health and disease. Springfield (111.): Ch. C. Thomas 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowle, A. J.: Delayed hypersensitivity and its allergic impUcations. Ann. Allergy 22, 215—228 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowle, A. J., and C. C. Hu: Delayed hypersensitivity in mice to dextran. Int. Arch. Allergy 31, 123—144 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David, J. R.: Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro: its mediation by cell-free substances formed by lymphoid cell-antigen interaction. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 56, 72—77 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, J. R.,S. Al-Askari, H. S. Lawrence, and L. Thomas: Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro. I. The specificity of cell migration by antigens. J. Immunol. 93, 264—27 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L.: The technic of producing the tuberculin type of sensitization with eggwhite in tuberculous guinea-pigs. J. Immunol. 17, 531—538 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L.:Comparative study of the anaphylactic and tuberculin types of hypersensitive- ness. II. The influence exerted by the nature of the antigen on the development of the different types of hypersensitiveness. J. Immunol. 20, 333—345 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes, L., and T. B. Mallory: The contrast between the histological responses in the tuberculin (allergic) type and the anaphylactic type of skin reactions. Amer. J. Path. 8, 689—709 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, F. M.: Immunogenicity of sjmthetic angiotensin II. Int. Arch. Allergy 30, 497—506 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumonde, D. C.: The role of the macrophage in delayed hypersensitivity. Brit. med. Bull. 23, 9—14 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, R. W., and H. N. Bulman: The significance of the protein carrier in the stimulation of DNA synthesis by hapten-protein conjugates in the secondary response. Immunology 7, 54—64 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H. N.: Hypersensitivity to simple chemicals. In: Cellular and humoral aspects of hypersensitive states (H. S. Lawrence, ed.), p. 89—122. New York: Hoeber-Harper 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, H. N., and G. W. Siskind: Variations in affinities of antibodies during the immune response. Biochemistry 3, 996—1008 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, A., E. M. Bradbury, A. R. Downie, and W. E. Hanby: Conformations of polypeptide chains in the soHd state. In: Polyamino acids, polypeptides and proteins (M. A. Stahmann, ed.), p. 255—273. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Press University 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enders, J. F.: Anaphylactic shock with the partial antigen of the tubercle bacillus. J. exp. Med. 50, 777—786 (1929).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felber, J. P.: ACTH antibodies and their use of a radioimmunoassay for ACTH. Experientia (Basel). 19, 227—229 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischel, E. E., and E. A. Kabat: A quantitative study of the Arthus phenomenon induced passively in the rabbit. J. Immunol. 55, 337—343 (1947).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, K., U. Hachmeister u. J. Kracht: Darstellung und Nachweis von Anti- korpern gegen Corticotropin. Naturwissenschaften 52, 347—348 (1965).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, N., J. R. Givens, K. Abe, W. E. Nicholson, and G. W. Little: Studies of ACTH antibodies and their reactions with inactive analogues of ACTH. Endocrinology 78, 1067—1075 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frei, W.: liber willkiirhche Sensibilisierung gegen chemisch definierte Substanzen. I. Mitteilung: Untersuchungen mit Neosalvarsan am Menschen. Klin. Wschr. 7, 539—542 (1928a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frei, W.:Uber willklirliche Sensibilisierung gegen chemisch definierte Substanzen. II. Mitteilung: Untersuchungen mit Neosalvarsan am Tier (Salvarsanexantheme beim Tier). Klin. Wschr. 7, 1026—103I (1928b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and M. V. Bonanto: Effect of paraffin oil, lanoUn-like substances and killed tubercle bacilli on immunization with diphtheric toxoid and Bad. typhosum. J. Immunol. 48, 325—334 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, J. R., A. L. de Weck, and H. Geleick: Sensitization, immunological tolerance and desensitization of guinea pigs to neoarsphenamine. I. Sensitization to NEO. Overall results and experiments with skin-testing technique. Int. Arch. Allergy 30, 288—312 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, J. R., A. L. de Weck, H. Geleick, H. Geleick, and A. L. de Weck: Immunological tolerance induced in animals previously sensitized to simple chemical compounds. Science 144, 853—854 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gell, P. G. H., and B. Benacerraf: Studies on hypersensitivity. II. Delayed hypersensitivity to denatured proteins in guinea pigs. Immunology 2, 64—70 (1959).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gell, P. G. H., and B. Benacerraf: Delayed hypersensitivity to simple protein antigens. Advanc. Immunol. 1, 319—343 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gell, P. G. H., and B. Benacerraf, and I. T. Hinde: The histology of the tuberculin reaction and its modification by cortisone. Brit. J. exp. Path. 32, 516—529 (1951).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gell, P. G. H., and B. Benacerraf: The effect of cortisone on macrophage activity in mice. Int. Arch. Allergy 5, 273—275 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gell, P. G. H., B. Benacerraf, and A. M. Silverstein: Delayed hypersensitivity to hapten-protein conjugates, I. The effect of carrier protein and site of attachment to hapten. J. exp. Med. 115, 1037—1051 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, III, T. J.: Proposed nomenclature for synthetic polypeptides (polyamino acids). Biopolymers 2, 283—286 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, III, T. J., and G. J. Dammin: Studies on synthetic polypeptide antigens. X. The skin reactivity of actively immunized rabbits. J. Immunol. 91, 273—282 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, III, T. J., G. J. Dammin, and P. Doty: Studies on synthetic polypeptide antigens. 11. The immunochemical properties of a group of linear synthetic polypeptides. J. biol. Chem. 236, 2677—2683 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, III, T. J., G. J. Dammin, H. W. Kunz, H. J. Gould, and P. Doty: Studies on synthetic polypeptide antigens. XI. The antigenicity of optically isomeric synthetic polypeptides. J. biol. Chem. 239, 1107—1113 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, III, T. J., G. J. Dammin, and D. S. Papermaster: Studies on synthetic polypeptide antigens, XVIII. The role of composition, charge and optical isomerism in the immunogenicity of synthetic polypeptides. J. biol. Chem. 242, 3308—3325 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, J.: The prevention of delayed hypersensitivity to homologous serum and transplantation antigens in guinea-pigs. Immunology 5, 153—160 (192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, I., W. E. G%Paul, and B. G%Benacerraf: The behavior of hapten poly-l-lysine conjugates as complete antigens in genetic responder and as haptens in non- responder guinea pigs. J. exp. Med. 123, 859—879 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heilman, D. H.: Tissue culture methods for studying delayed allergy: a review, Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 21, 136—157 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holborow, E. J., and G. Loewi: The immune response to blood group substances. Immunology 5, 278—286 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holborow, E. J., and G. Loewi: Delayed hypersensitivity and polysaccharide-containing antigens. Brit. med. Bull. 23, 72—75 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, S. B., and W. C. Boyd: The antigenic property of gelatin-diazo-arsanilic acid. J. Immunol. 24, 141—147 (1933)

    Google Scholar 

  • Imura, H., L. L. Sparks, G. M. Grodsky, and P. H. Forsham: Immunologic studies of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): dissociation of biologic and immunologic activities. J. din. Endocr. 25, 136I—1369 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janeway, C. A., and M. Sela: Synthetic antigens composed exclusively of l- or d-amino acids. I. Effect of optical configuration on the immunogenicity of synthetic polypeptides in mice. Immunology 13, 29—38 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovi, B. D., and B. H. Waksman: Delayed sensitization to purified blood group substances in the guinea pig. J. Immunol. 89, 598—607 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, L. H., L. Berrens, and J. van Delden: The role of intermediates in the process of sensitization. Naturwissenschaften 16, 387—388 (1964a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, L. H., L. Berrens, and J. van Delden: Contact hypersensitivity to simple chemical compounds: the role of intermediate products in the process of sensitization. Dermatologica (Basel) 128, 491—501 (1964b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasin, H. E., and L. E. Glynn: The antigenicity of some synthetic poly-iminoacids. I. Antigenic properties of poly-l-proline. Immunology 8, 95—105 (1965a).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jasin, H. E., and L. E. Glynn: The antigenic properties of some synthetic poly-iminoacids. II. The antigenicity of polypeptides related to collagen; peptides containing hydroxyproHne and acetyl-hydroxyproline. Immunology 8, 260—269 (1965b).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Josephson, A. S.: Immunologic response to the nitro-olefins. J. Immunol. 96, 699— 706 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Julianelle, L. A.: Reactions of rabbits to intracutaneous injection of pneumococci and their products. IV. The development of skin reactivity to derivatives of pneumococcus. J. exp. Med. 51, 625–632 (1930).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kantor, F. S., A. ojeda, and B. Benacerraf: Studies on artificial antigens. I. Antigenicity of DNP-polylysine and DNP copolymer of lysine and glutamic acid in guinea-pigs. J. exp. Med. 117, 55—69 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karush, F., and H. N. Eisen: A theory of delayed hypersensitivity. Science 136, 1032—1039 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katchalski, E., and M. Sela: Synthesis and chemical properties of poly-α-amino acids. Advanc. Protein Chem. 13, 243—492 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • H. I. Silman, and A. Berger: Polyamino acids as protein models. In: The proteins. Composition, structure and function, vol. II. p. 405—602. (H. Neurath, ed.) New York and London: Academic Press 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • H. I. Silman, A. Berger, and I. Z. Steinberg: Proteins and synthetic polypeptides. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 12, 433—464 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, R.: Weitere Mitteilung liber das Tuberkulin. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 17, 1189— 1192 (1891).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong, Y. M., D. C. Savage, and L. N. Kong: Delayed dermal hypersensitivity in mice to spherule and mycelial extracts of Coccidioides immitis. J. Bact. 91, 876— 883 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsteiner, K.: The specificity of serological reactions. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsteiner, K., and J. L. Jacobs: Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. III. Anaphylaxis induced by arsphenamine. J. exp. Med. 64, 717— 721 (1936).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leskowitz, S.: Immunochemical study of antigenic specificity in delayed hypersensitivity. II. Delayed hypersensitivity to polytyrosine-azobenzenearsonate and its suppression by haptens. J. exp. Med. 117, 909—923 (1963a).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leskowitz, S.: Use of oxidized proteins in the examination of immunochemical specificity of delayed hypersensitivity to hapten-protein conjugates. Nature (Lond.) 199, 85—86 (1963b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leskowitz, S.: Some relations between the specificity of antibody and delayed hypersensitivity. Immunochemistry 4, 91—94 (1967a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leskowitz, S.: Mechanism of delayed reactions. Science 155, 350—352 (1967b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leskowitz, S., V. E. Jones, and S. J. Zak: Immunochemical study of antigenic specificity in delayed hypersensitivity. V. Immunization with monovalent low molecular weight conjugates. J. exp. Med. 123, 229—237 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leskowitz, S., and S. J. Zak: Production of hapten-specific delayed sensitivity with low molecular weight conjugates. Nature (Lond.) 211, 246—248 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, B. B.: Studies on antigenicity. The effect of succinylation of £-amino groups on antigenicity of benzylpenicilloyl-poly-l-lysine conjugates in random- bred and in strain 2 guinea pigs. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 116, 1127—1131 (1964a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, B. B.: Studies on the immunological mechanisms of penicillin allergy. I. Antigenic specificities of guinea-pig skin sensitizing rabbit anti-benzylpenicillin antibodies. Immunology 7, 527—541 (1964b).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, B. B., A. Ojeda, and B. Benacerraf: Basis for the antigenicity of hapten-poly-L- lysine conjugates in random-bred guinea pigs. Nature (Lond.) 200, 544—546 (1963a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, B. B.: Studies on artificial antigens. III. The genetic control of the immune response to hapten-poly-l-lysine conjugates in guinea pigs. J. exp. Med. 118, 953—957 (1963b).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, B. B., and V. H. Price: Studies on the immunological mechanisms of penicillin allergy. 11. Antigenic specificities of allergic wheal-and-flare responses in patients with histories of penicillin allergy. Immunology 7, 542—556 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loewi, G., E. J. Holborow, and A. Temple: Inhibition of delayed hypersensitivity by pre-immunization without complete adjuvant. Immunology 10,339—347 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H.: Attempts to produce antibodies to a preparation of polyglutamic acid. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 96, 394—396 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H.: Immunologic studies with ethylene-oxide treated human serum. J. exp. Med. 113, 1029—1040 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H.: Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly-α-amino acids). II. J. Immunol. 88, 330—338 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H.: Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly-α-amino acids). IV. Studies in guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 90, 493—505 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H.: Use of synthetic polymers of amino acids to study the basis of antigenicity. Progr. AUergy 8, 1—40 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H.: Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly- α –amino acids). XIII. Immunological studies with synthetic polymers containing only d- or d- and L-a-amino acids. J. exp. Med. 121, 339—349 (1965a).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H.: Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly-α-amino acids). XVII. Immunologic studies in humanwith polymers containing l-or d- and l-a-amino acids. J. Immunol. 95, 1095—1099 (1965b).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H., and T. Cashman: Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly-α-amino acids). VIII. Studies in guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 90, 393—398 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H., and T. Cashman: B. F. Gerulat, and P. Pinchuck: Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly-α-amino acids). VII. Studies in humans. J. exp. Med. 116, 521—534 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, P. H., and T. Cashman: Antigenicity of polypeptides (poly-alpha amino acids). XII. Immunological studies with a new group of synthetic copolymers. J. exp. Med. 119, 1005—1015 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R.L.: Tubercle bacilli as immunological adjuvants. In: Ciba Foundation symposium on experimental tuberculosis, p. 188—193. London: Churchill 1955

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. L.: The significance of fibroid protein carriers for the development of allergic skin reactions of the delayed type. Int. Arch. Allergy 10, 13—22 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt, H. 0., and M. Sela: Genetic control of the antibody response. I. Demonstration of determinant-specific differences in response to synthetic polypeptide antigens in two strains of inbred mice. J. exp. Med. 122, 517—53i (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nachtigal, D., and M. Feldman: The immune response to azo-protein conjugates in rabbits unresponsive to the protein carriers. Immunology 7, 616—625 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D. S., and S. V. Boyden: The cutaneous reactivity of guinea pigs to pure protein antigens. I. A critical evaluation of methods for the introduction of delayed hypersensitivity to pure proteins. Int. Arch. Allergy 25, 279—303 (1964).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, J. J., R. A. wolstencroft, and P. G. H. Gell: Delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea-pig to a protein-hapten conjugate and its relationship to in vitro transformation of lymph node, spleen, thymus and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunology 12, 89—102 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ovary, Z., and B. Benacerraf: Immunological specificity of the secondary response with dinitrophenylated proteins. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 114, 72—76 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C. W., M. Kern, and H. N. Eisen: Polyfunctional dinitrophenyl haptens as reagents for elicitation of immediate type allergic skin responses. J. exp. Med. 115, 789—801 (1962a).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C. W., M. Kern, and H. N. Eisen: J. Shapiro, M.Kern, and H.N. Eisen: Hypersensitivity to penicillenic acid derivatives in human beings with penicillin allergy. J. exp. Med. 115, 821—838 (1962b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, W. E., G. W. Siskind, and B. Benacerraf: Studies on the effect of the carrier molecule on antihapten antibody synthesis. II. Carrier specificity of anti- 2,4-dinitrophenyl-poly-L-lysine antibodies. J. exp. Med. 123, 689—705 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S., and J. E. Forney: The role of the “wax” of the tubercle bacillus in establishing delayed hypersensitivity. I. Hypersensitivity to a simple chemical substance, picryl chloride. J. exp. Med. 88, 485—501 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. R., and M. R. Lewis: The nature of allergy in tuberculosis as revealed by tissue culture studies. Bull. John Hopk. Hosp. 50, 115—128 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands.,jr D. T., A. J. Crowle, and H. P. Russe: Passively transferred delayed hypersensitivity reactions in mice and guinea pigs. Int. Arch. Allergy 28, 328—335 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabin, F. R., A. L. Joiner, and K. C. Smithburn: Cellular reactions to polysaccharides from tubercle bacilli and from pneumococci. J. exp. Med. 68, 563—581 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S. B., and H.-L. Liauw: Hypersensitivity to peptide fragments. Int. Arch. Allergy 31, 366—379 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S. B., H.-L. Liauw, and R. F. Smith: The specificity of allergic reactions. I. Delayed versus Arthus hypersensitivity. J. exp. Med. 111, 465—483 (1960a).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S. B., H.-L. Liauw, and R. F. Smith: Specificity of allergic reactions. II. Azoproteins in the anamnestic response. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 104, 584—590 (1960b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvin, S. B., H.-L. Liauw, and R. F. Smith: The specificity of allergic reactions. VII. Immunologic unresponsiveness, delayed hypersensitivity, and circulating antibody to proteins and hapten- protein conjugates in adult guinea pigs. J. exp. Med. 119, 851—868 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schild, H. O.: The mechanism of contact sensitization. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 14, 1—8 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlossman, S. F., S. Ben-Efraim, A. Yaron, and H. A. Sober: Immunochemical studies on the antigenic determinants required to elicit delayed and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. J. exp. Med. 123, I083—1095 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlossman, S. F., S. Ben-Efraim, A. Yaron, H. A. Sober, and H. Levine: Immunochemical studies of delayed and Arthus-type hypersensitivity reactions. I. The relationship between antigenic determinant size and antibody combining site size. J. Immunol. 98, 211—219 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlossman, S. F., A. Yaron, S. Ben-Efraim, and H. A. Sober: Immunogenicity of a series of a, N-DNP-L-lysines. Biochemistry 4, I638—1645 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sela, M.: Immunological studies with synthetic polypeptides. Advanc. Immunol. 5, 29—129 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sela, M.:Use of synthetic polypeptides in studies on the control of antibody formation. In: Nobel Symposium III. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sela, M., S. Fuchs, and R. Arnon: Studies on the chemical basis of the antigenicity of proteins. 5- Synthesis, characterization and immunogenicity of some multichain and linear polypeptides containing tyrosine. Biochem. J. 85, 223—235 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sela, M., S. Fuchs, and R. Arnon, and E. Katchalski: Biological properties of poly-α-amino acids. Advanc. Protein Chem. 14, 391—478 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sela, M., S. Fuchs, and R. Arnon, B. Schechter, I. Schechter, and F. Borek: Antibodies to sequential and conformational determinants. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 32 (1967) (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • silverstein, A. M., and F. Borek: Desensitization studies of delayed hypersensitivity. With special reference to the possible role of high-affinity antibodies. J. Immunol. 96, 953—959 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • silverstein, A. M., F. Borek, and P. G. H. Gell: Delayed hypersensitivity to hapten-protein conjugates. II. Anti-hapten specificity and the heterogeneity of the delayed response. J. exp. Med. 115, 1053—1064 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siskind, G. W., W. E. Paul, and B. Benacerraf: Studies on the effect of the carrier molecule on antihapten antibody synthesis. I. Effect of carrier on the nature of the antibody synthesized. J. exp. Med. 123, 673 —688 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storck, H.: Das experimentelle Ekzem. In: Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechts- krankheiten (J. Jadassohn, Verf.), Bd. II/1, S. 113—211. Berlin-Gottingen- Heidelberg: Springer 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stupp, Y., F. Borek, and M. Sela: Studies on the types of immune responses to synthetic antigens in guinea-pigs. Immunology 11, 561—570 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, F. Borek, M. Sela, and M. Sela: Further studies on the immunogenicity of d-amino acid polymers. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 140, 349—359 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Svejcar, J., J. johanovsky, and J. Pekarek: Studies on the mechanism of delayed type hypersensitivity in tissue culture. X. The ability of substances released during cultivation of hypersensitive spleen cells with antigen to influence migration activity of normal cells. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 132, 182—195 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillet, W. S., and T. Francis jr.: Cutaneous reactions to the polysaccharides and proteins of pneumococcus in lobar pneumonia. J. exp. Med. 50, 687—701 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremaine, M. M.: Study of delayed-type sensitization to pneumococcal polysaccharides. Fed. Proc. 22 (2 Pt. 1), 617 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhr, J. W.: Delayed hypersensitivity. Physiol. Rev. 46, 359—419 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Weck, A. L., and J. R. Frey: Immunotolerance to simple chemicals. Basel and New York: S. Karger 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Weck, A. L., J. R. Frey, K. Vogler, J. R. Frey, and H. Geleick: The induction of contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in guinea-pigs by dinitrophenyl-amino acids. Int. Arch. Allergy 29, 174—184 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. G.: Role of adjuvants in the production of delayed hypersensitivity. Brit. med. Bull. 23, 39—45 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ———, G. C. Jenkins, and P. C.Wilkinson: The production of skin-sensitizing antibody in the guinea-pig. Int. Arch. Allergy 22, 156—165 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamura, Y., Y. Okada, S. Nagamatsu, and T. Imada: The isolation from tuberculin of two different polysaccharides having anaphylactic activity. Their chemical and biologic properties. Amer. Rev. resp. Dis. 91, 839—845 (1965).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zinsser, H.: Studies on the tuberculin reaction and on specific hypersensitiveness in bacterial infection. J. exp. Med. 34, 495—524 (1921).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. F. Borek

    Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461, Bronx, NY, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Chemical Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovoth, Israel

    F. Borek

Authors
  1. F. Borek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Genève, Switzerland

    W. Arber

  2. New Brunswick, USA

    W. Braun

  3. Göttingen, Germany

    F. Cramer

  4. Freiburg, Germany

    R. Haas

  5. Philadelphia, USA

    W. Henle  & H. Koprowski  & 

  6. München, Germany

    P. H. Hofschneider

  7. Frankfurt, Germany

    N. K. Jerne

  8. Düsseldorf, Germany

    W. Kikuth

  9. Prague, Czech Republic

    P. Koldowsky  & L. Syruček  & 

  10. Copenhagen, Denmark

    O. Maaløe

  11. Gießen, Deutschland

    R. Rott

  12. Wilhelmshaven, Deutschland

    H.-G. Schweiger

  13. Rehovoth, Israel

    M. Sela

  14. Denver, USA

    P. K. Vogt

  15. Würzburg, Germany

    E. Wecker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1968 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Borek, F. (1968). Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Synthetic Antigens. In: Arber, W., et al. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 43. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46118-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46118-7_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-46120-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-46118-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation