Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Insect Viruses pp 129–167Cite as

Viruses — Living Insecticides

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 42))

Abstract

Excluding himself, one of man’s greatest competitors for food, clothing, and shelter are insects. Man probably first fought the insect in the fertile crescent when he plucked a handful of wild wheat seed, planted it, nursed it, and then harvested it for food. He’s still fighting the same insects on the same crops.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aizawa, K.: Some methods of keeping the virus activity of the silkworm jaundice. Sansi-Kenkyu 3, 75–77 (1953a). [Japanese].

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, On the inactivation of the silkworm jaundice virus. Jap. J. appl. Zool. 17, 181–190 (1953b). [Japanese with English summary].

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, Inactivation of the silkworm jaundice virus by the ultraviolet irradiation. J. Sericult. Sci. Japan 24, 398–399 (1955). [Japanese with English summary].

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, Infection of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus), with the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the silkworm, Bomhyx mori (Linnaeus). J. Insect Path. 4, 122–127 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, G. E., B. G. Gregory, and J. R. Brazzel: Integration of the Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus into a biological control program on cotton. J. econ. Entomol. 59, 1333–1336 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ———, The potential role of a feeding stimulant used in combination with the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 129–130 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aruga, H.: Induction of virus infections. In: Insect pathology-An advanced treatise (E. A. Steinhaus, ed.), vol. 1, p. 499–530. New York: Academic Press. 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, Generation-to-generation transmission of the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of Bomhyx mori (Linnaeus). J. Insect Path. 4, 313–320 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, Resistance to per os infection with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm, Bomhyx mori (Linnaeus). J. Insect Path. 6, 387–394 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Balch, R. E., and E. T. Bird: A disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.), and its place in natural control. Scient. Agricult. Ottawa 25, 65–80 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Shaked, Y., and I. Harpaz: Protection of a susceptible insect host against a nuclear polyhedrosis virus by ether extracts from insect larvae. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 283–285 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergold, G. H.: Uber Polyeder-Krankheiten bei Insekten. Biol. Zbl. 63, 1–55 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, On the nomenclature and classification of insect viruses. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 56, 495–516 (1953a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ———, Insect viruses. Advanc. Virus Res. 1, 91–139 (1953b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ———, Viruses of insects. In: Handbuch der Virusforschung (K. E. Meyer u. C. Hallauer, Hrsg.), vol. IV, Suppl. 3, p. 60–142. Wien: Springer 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, The nature of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. In: Insect pathology-An advanced treatise (E. A. Steinhaus, ed.), vol. 1, p. 413–456. New York: Academic Press. 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, Insect viruses. In: Techniques in experimental virology (R. J. C. Harris, ed.), p. 112–144. New York: Academic Press 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • OOBergold, G. H., K. Aizawa, K.M. Smith, E. A. Steinhaus, and C. Vago: The present status of insect nomenclature and classification. Report of Insect Virus Study Group of the Subcommittee on Viruses. Intern. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomenclature and Taxonomy 10, 259–262 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkaloff, a., J. Bregliano, and A. Ohanessian: Mise en evidence de virions des drosophiles infectees par le virus hereditaire. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 260, 5956–5959 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biliotti, E.: Entomophages et maladies des insectes. Entomophaga 1, 45–53 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biliotti, E., P. Grison, and D. Martouret: L’utilisation d’une maladie a virus comme methode de lutte biologique contre Pieris hrassicae L. Entomophaga 1, 35–44 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biliotti, E., F. Grison, R. Maury, and C. Vago: Emploi d’une poudre a base de viras specifiquo contre la chenille processionnaire du pin dans le massif du Ventous. C. R. Acad. Agric. France 45, 407–411 (1959a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Biliotti, E., and C. Vago: Essai d’utilisation des polyedres isoles de la processionnaire du pin, comme methode de lutte biologique. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 243, 206–205 (1959b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, F. T.: The dissemination and propagation of a virus disease affecting the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.). Canada, Dominion Dept. of Agr. Forest Insect Investigations Bi-Monthly Progress Report vol. 6 (5) p. 2-Sept.-Oct. (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOBird, F. T.: The use of a virus disease in the biological control of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.). Canad. Entomologist 85, 437–446 (1953).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOBird, F. T.: Virus diseases of sawflies. Canad. Entomologist 87, 124–127 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOBird, F. T.: Transmission of some insect viruses with particular reference to ovarial transmission and its importance in the development of epizootics. J. Insect Path. 3, 352–380 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOBird, F. T., and J. M. Burk: Artifically disseminated virus as a factor controlling the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), in the absence of introduced parasites. Canad. Entomologist 93, 228–238 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOBird, F. T., and D. E. Elgee: Virus disease and introduced parasites as factors controlling the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), in central New Brunswick. Canad. Entomologist 89, 371–378 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOBird, F. T., and M. M. Whalen: A virus disease of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) Canad. Entomologist 85, 433–437 (1953).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brazzel, J. R.: Potentials for combining chemical and biological insect control. 1965 Proc. Beltwide Cotton Production Mechanization Conf., p. 24–25(1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer, W., and M. G. R. Varma: Transtadial and transovarial development of disease agents in arthropods. In: Annual review of entomology (R. F. Smith and T. E. Mittler, eds.). Acad. Rev. Palo Alto, Calif., 13, 347–376 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgerjon, A., and P. Grison: Adhesiveness of preparations of Smithiavirus pityocampae Vago on pine foliage. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 281–284 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, J., W. Macb.: Factors affecting the use of microbial pathogens in insect control. In: Annual review of entomology (R. F. Smith and T. E. Mittler, eds.). Acad. Rev. Palo Alto, Cahf., 8, 265–286 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, G. E., A.K. David, L. Thor, and A.S. Michael: Mortality of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, in colonies treated with certain biological insecticides. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 228–233 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, W. M., and R. D. Brazee: Role of agricultural engineers in pest control by chemical, biological, genetic and physical means. In: U.S.D.A. Bulletin ARS 33–110, 214 pages (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chant, D. A.: Strategy and tactics of insect control. Canad. Entomologist 96, 182–201 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, A. T., R.A.Bell, and C. M. Ignoffo: Field tests with the nuclear polyhedrosis virus for control of Heliothis in the southern high plains of Texas. J. econ. Entomol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, E. C.: Observations on the ecology of a polyhedrosis of the Great Basin tent caterpillar, Malacosoma fragilis. Ecology 36, 373–376 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOChapman, A. T., and O. E. Reiner: The availability of certain proprietary adjuvants for use with the polyhedrosis viruses of insects. J. econ. Entomol. 49, 703–704 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOChapman, A. T., and C. G. Thompson: The possible use of microorganisms in the control of the Great Basin tent caterpillar. J. econ. Entomol. 47, 268–272 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornalia, E.: Monografia del bombice del gelso. Mem. R. Instit. Lambardo Sci. Lett. Arte 6, 3–387 (1856).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darlington, C. D.: The evaluation of genetic systems. New York: Basic Books 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, W. A. L., and B. O. C. Gardiner: A Pieris hrassicae (Linnaeus) culture resistant to a granulosis. J. Insect Path. 2, 106–114 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • OODavid, W. A. L., and B. O. C. OOGardiner: The incidence of granulosis deaths in susceptible and resistant Pieris hrassicae (Linnaeus) larvae following changes of population density, food, and temperature. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 347–355 (1965a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OODavid, W. A. L., and B. O. C. OOGardiner: Resistance of Pieris hrassicae (Linnaeus) to granulosis virus and the virulence of the virus from different host races. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 285–290 (1965 b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OODavid, W. A. L., and B. O. C. OOGardiner: Persistence of a granulosis virus of Pieris hrassicae on cabbage leaves. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 180–183 (1966a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OODavid, W. A. L., and B. O. C. OOGardiner: Breeding Pieris hrassicae apparently free from granulosis virus. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 325–333 (1966b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubos, R.: Pasteur and modern science. New York: Anchor Books 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, J. C.: Control of the cabbage looper with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus disease. J. Econ. Entomol 54, 47–50 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOElmore, J. C., and A. F. Howland: Natural versus artifical dissemination of nuclear polyhedrosis virus by contaminated adult cabbage loopers. J. Insect Path. 6, 430–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcon, L.: Personal communication (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcon, L. A., T. F. Leigh, R. vandenBosch, J. H. Black and V. E. Burton: Insect diseases tested for control of cotton bollworm. Calif. Agricult. 19, 13–14. (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, J. M.: Biological control of pest insects in Europe. Ann. Rev. Entomol 6, 183–200 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genung, W. G.: Comparison of insecticides, insect pathogens and insecticide-pathogen combinations for control of cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). Florida Entomologist 43, 65–68 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershenson, S.: On the species specificity of viruses of the polyhedral diseases of insects. Mikrobiologia 24, 90–98 (1955) [Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Getzin, L. W.: The effectiveness of the polyhedrosis virus for control of the cabbage looper, Trichophisiani. J. Econ. Entomol 55, 442–445 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, J. E.: PreHminary field evaluation of a noninclusion virus for control of the citrus red mite. J. Econ. Entomol 58, 1136–1140 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, J. E., and H. Tashiro: Fecundity, longevity, and transinfectivity of citrus red mites (Panonychus citri) infected with a noninclusion virus J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 334–339 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, E. H.: Laboratory and field tests with the granulosis of the redbanded leaf roller. J. econ. Entomol 51, 454–457 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grison, P.: Utilisation en foret d’une preparation a base de virus specifique contre haimatopoea pitvocampa Schiff. Sonderdruck aus Z. angew. Entomo1 47/1, S. 24–31 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOGrison, P.: Personal communication. (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOGrison, P., C. Vago, and R. Maury: La lutte contre la processionnaire du pin ‘‘Thaumeto-poea pitycampa” Schiff dans le massif du Ventoux; essai d’utilisation practique d’un virus specifique. Rev. Forestiere Franc. 5, 353–370 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harpaz, I., and Y. Ben-Shaked: Generation-to-generation transmission of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Prodenia litura (Fabricius). J. Insect Path. 6, 127–130 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpaz, I., and E. Zlotkin: A nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the safflower leaf worm Heliothis peltigera Schiff. (Lep., Noctudiae). Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (N.S.) 1 (4), 963–972 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimpel, A.M.: Microbial control of insects. Wld Rev. Pest Control 4, 150–159 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOHeimpel, A.M.: Exposure of white mice and guinea pigs to the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 98–102 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heimpel, A. M., and L.K. Buchanan: Human feeding tests using the nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebrate Path. 9, 55–57 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirt, R. C., R. G. Schmitt, N. D. Searle, and A. P. Sullivan: Ultraviolet spectral energy distributions of natural sunlight and accelerated test light sources. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 50, 706–713 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmaster, R. N., and L. P. Ditman: Utilization of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus to control the cabbage looper on cole crops in Virginia. J. econ. Entomol. 54, 921–923 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, F. O.: Order virales, the filterable viruses. In: Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology, 6th ed., p. 1225–1228. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huger, A.: Granulosis of insects. In: Insect pathology-An advanced treatise (E. A. Steinhaus, ed.), vol. 1, 531–575. New York: Academic Press 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hukuhara, T.: Generation-to-generation transmission of the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of the silkworm, Bomhyx mori (Linnaeus). J. Insect Path. 4, 132–135 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignoffo, C. M.: Production and virulence of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus from larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Htibner) reared on a semisynthetic diet. J. Insect Path. 6, 18–326 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: The nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (Fabricius). IV. Bioassay of virus activity. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 315–319 (1965 a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: The nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.). Part 1. Virus propagation and its virulence. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 209–216 (1965b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: The nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.). Part II. Biology and propagation of diet reared Heliothis. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 217–226 (1965 c).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: Evaluation of the polyhedrosis virus for bollworm control. 1956 Proc. Beltwide Cotton Production Mechanization Conf., p. 26–27 (1965 d).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: Production, identification, and standardization of insect viral pathogens. Entomophaga 10 (1), 29–40 (1965 e).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: Insect viruses. In: Insect colonization and mass production (C. M. Smith, ed.), chapter 36, p. 501–530. New York: Academic Press 1966a.

    Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: Susceptibility of the first instar of the bollworm, Heliothis zea, and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, to Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 531–536 (1966b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: Effects of temperature on mortality of Heliothis zea larvae exposed to sublethal doses of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 290–292 (1966c).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: Effects of age on mortality of Heliothis zea and Heliothis virescens larvae exposed to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 279–282 (1966d).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M.: Possibilities of mass-producing insect pathogens. Internat. Colloq. Insect Pathol. Netherlands, Sept. 1966 (in press) (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M., and J. R. Adams: A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, Smithiavirus pectinophorae sp. n. of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 59–66 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M., A. J. Chapman, and D. F. Martin: The nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.). III. Effectiveness of the virus against field populations of Heliothis on cotton, corn, and grain sorghum. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 227–235 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M., and C. Garcia: The relation of pH to the activity of inclusion bodies of a Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 426–427 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOIgnoffo, C. M., and A. M. Heimpel: The nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.). V. Toxicity-pathogenicity of virus to white mice and guinea pigs. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 329–340 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ignoffo, C. M., and E. L. Montoya: The effects of chemical insecticides and insecticidal adjuvants of a Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 409–412 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, R. P.: The influence of physical stress on growth and nuclear polyhedrosis of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). J. Insect Path. 3, 47–54 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOJaques, R. P.: Stress and nuclear polyhedrosis in crowded populations of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). J. Insect Path. 4, 1–22 (1962a).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOJaques, R. P.: The transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in laboratory populations of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). J. Insect Path. 4, 433–445 (1962b).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOJaques, R. P.: The persistence of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in soil. J. Insect Path. 6, 251–254 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, J. M.: Virus spray for control of Pieris rapae L. New Zealand J. Sci. Technol. Sect. A 38, 644–646 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, J. M.: Control of Pieris rapae by granulosis virus. New Zealand J. Agri. Res. 1, 778–782 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krieg, A.: Untersuchungen zur Wirbeltier-Pathogenitat und zum serologischen Nachweis der Rickettsia melolonthae im Arthropod-Wirt. Naturwissenschaften 42, 609–610 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, T. F., J. H. Black, C.E. Jackson, and V.E. Burton: Insecticides and beneficial insects in cotton fields. Calif. Agriculture 20, 4–6 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • L’Heritier, P.: Sensitivity to CO2 in Drosophila-A review. Heredity 2, 325–348 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, F. B.: How to collect and process small polyhedral viruses of insects. U.S. Dep. Agric. Forest Research Notes, Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta. No 109, 1–8 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lwoff, A., and P. Tournier: The classification of viruses. In: Annual review of microbiology (eds. C. E. Clifton, S. Raffel and M. P. Starr), vol. 20, p. 45–74 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malestri, A.: Frammenti anatomici fisiologici et patologici sue baso da seta, 172 p. Pavea: Fuse 1856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martignoni, M. E.: Progressive nucleopolyhedrosis in adults of Peridroma saucia (Hubner). J. Insect Path. 6, 368–372 (1964a).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOMartignoni, M. E.: Mass production of insect pathogens. In: Biological control of insect pests and weeds (P. H. de Bach, ed.), p. 579–609. New York: Reinhold Publ. Co. 1964b.

    Google Scholar 

  • OOMartignoni, M. E., and J. E. Milstead: Trans-ovum transmission of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Colias eurytheme Boisduval through contamination of the female genitalia. J. Insect Path. 4, 113–121 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOMartignoni, M. E., and P. Schmid: Studies on the resistance to virus infections in natural populations of Lepidoptera. J. Insect Path. 3, 62–74 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martouret, D., and G. Dusaussoy: Multiphcation et extraction des corps d’inclusion de la virose intestinale de Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. Entomophaga 4, 253–259 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martouret, D., R. Maury, and C. Vago: Essais d’utilisation de suspension de polyedres contre Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. Extrait des Comptes redus du IV Congres International de Lutte contre des Ennemis des Plantes Hambourg 1957, vol. 1, p. 889–890. Braunschweig 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, F. L., and G. E. R. Hervey: Control of the cabbage looper with a virus disease. J. econ. Entomol. 51, 626–631 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, F. L.: Microbial control of two cabbage insects. J. Insect Path. 1, 86–94 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, R. E.: Infection of the boll weevil with Mattesia grandis induced by a feeding stimulant. J. econ. Entomol. 59, 909–910 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Montoya, E. L., C. M. Ignoffo, and R. L. McGarr: A feeding stimulant to increase effectiveness of, and a field test with, a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis. J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 320–324 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neilson, M. M.: A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus pathogenic for a number of lepidopterous hosts. J. Insect Path. 6, 41–52 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neilson, M. M.: Effects of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis on adult lepidoptera. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 306–314 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neilson, M. M., and D. E. Elgee: The effect of storage on the virulence of a polyhedrosis virus. J. Insect Path. 2, 165–171 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ossowski, L. L. J.: The biological control of the wattle bagworm (Kotochalia junodi Heyl.) by a virus disease. I. Small-scale pilot experiments. Ann. appl. Biol. 45, 81–89 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOOssowski, L. L. J.: Occurrence of strains of the nuclear polyhedral virus of the wattle bagworm. Nature (Lond.) 181, 648 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OOOssowski, L. L. J.: Variation in virulence of a wattle bagworm virus. J. Insect Path. 2, 35–43 (1960 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOOssowski, L. L. J.: The biological control of the wattle bagworm, Kotochalia junodi (Heyl.), by a virus disease. II. Large-scale experiments. Ann. appl. Biol. 48, 299–313 (1960b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paillot, A.: Sur une nouvelle maladie des chenilles de Pieris hrassicae et sur les maladies du noyau chez les insectes. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 179, I353–1356 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paillot, A.: Sur une nouvelle maladie du noyau ou grasserie des chenilles de P. hrassicae et un naiveau groupe de microorganismes parasites. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 182, 180–182 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Poltev, V. I.: Microbiological control method in beekeeping. Proc. Intern. Beekeeping Congr., Moscow, vol. 19, p. 224–249 [in Russian] (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponsen, M. B.: The production of polyhedral viruses from Barathra hrassicae to control Adoxophyes reticulana. Overdruk Uit: Mededehngen Rijksfaculteit Landbouw. Wetenschappen Gent, 1966, XXXI, Nr. 3 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, C. F.: Virus resistance in larvae of Pieris hrassicae (L.) Trans. 1st Intern. Conf. Insect Pathol, and Biol. Control, Praha 1958, p. 205–210. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, C. F., and D. Glitz: Personal communication (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sager, S. M.: On the transtadial transmission of insect viruses. J. Insect Path. 2, 307–309 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, L., and G. Philips: Granulosis-a new virus disease of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury. Poljoprivredno Sumarski Fakultet, Zavod. za entomologiju, Zagreb 1, 1–27 [Orig. Jugoslawisch] (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. C.: Poison-lure sprays for the Mexican fruit fly. Cahf. Citrograph 40, 188–192 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnoff, W. A.: A virus disease of Neodiprion swainei Middleton. J. Insect Path. 3, 29–46 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOSmirnoff, W. A.: Trans-ovum transmission of virus of Neodiprion swainei Middleton (Hymen-optera, Tenthredinidae). J. Insect Path. 4, 192–200 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOSmirnoff, W. A.: Preparation and apphcation of viral material, in biological control of the jack pine sawfly. Forestry Chronicle 40, 187–194 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • OOSmirnoff, W. A., and C. F. MacLeod: Apparent lack of effects of orally introduced polyhedrosis vims on mice and of pathogenicity of rodentpassed virus for insects. J. Insect Path. 6, 537–547 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. M.: The cytoplasmic virus diseases. In: Insect pathology: An advanced treatise (E. A. Steinhaus, ed.). New York: Academic Press 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. M., G. H. Hills, and C. F. Rivers: Studies on the cross-inoculation of the Tipula irridescent virus. Virology 13, 233–241 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. M., and R.C. Williams: Insect viruses and their structure, Endeavour vol. 17, 12–21. 1958.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. M., and N. Xeros: Studies on the cross-transmission of polyhedral viruses: Experiments with a new virus from Pyrameis cardui, the painted lady butterfly. Parasitology 43, 178–185 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, O. J., K.M. Hughes, P.H. Dunn, and I.M. Hall: A granulosis virus disease of Western grape leaf skeltonizer and its transmission. Canad. Entomologist 88, 507–515 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stairs, G. R.: Quantitative differences in susceptibility to nuclear polyhedrosis virus among larval instars of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hubner). J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 427–429 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A.: Principles of insect pathology, 757 p. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A.: Taxonomy of insect viruses. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 56, 517–537 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A.: Stress as a factor in insect disease. Proc. Intern. Congr. Entomol. 10th Montreal, vol. 4, p. 725–730 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A.: Crowding as a possible stress factor in insect disease. Ecology 39, 503–514 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A.: The duration of viabiUty and infectivity of certain insect pathogens. J. insect Path. 2, 225–229 (1960a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A.: Notes on polyhedroses in Peridroma, Prodenia, Colias, Heliothis, and other Lepidoptera. J. Insect Path. 2, 327–333 (1960b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A., and J. P. Dineen: Observations of the role of stress in a granulosis of the variegated cutworm. J. Insect Path. 2, 55–65 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhaus, E. A., and C. G. Thompson: Preliminary field tests using a polyhedral virus to control the alfalfa caterpillar. J. econ. Entomol. 42, 301–305 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y.: Description and characteristics of a granulosis virus of the imported cabbageworm. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 15, 235–260 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y.: Microbial control of imported cabbageworm. Hawaii Farm Sci. 4, 6–7 (1956a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y.: Microbial control of some lepidopterous pests of crucifers. J. econ. Entomol. 49, 320–329 (1956b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y.: Microbial control of insect pests. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 4, 277–302 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y.: A granulosis virus of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linnaeus) (Ole-threutidae, Lepidoptera). J. Insect Path. 6, 378–380 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y.: Personal communication (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y., and C. Reiner: The use of pathogens in the control of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). J. Insect Path. 4, 139–154 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y., and A.M. Tanabe: Resistance of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) to the Tipula iridescent virus at high temperatures. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 184–188 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, A. D., and B. A. Smirk: Rod-shaped particles associated with a disease of alkah bees. Virology 28, 348–349 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. G.: Thermal inhibition of certain polyhedrosis virus diseases. J. Insect Path. 1, 189–192 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. G., and E. A. Steinhaus: Further tests using a polyhedrosis virus to control the alfalfa caterpillar. Hilgardia 19, 411–445 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. S., and C. Kaplan: Observations on photo-dynamic inactivation of vaccinia virus and its effect on immunogenicity. J. Hyg. Camb. 63, 395 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vago, C.: Multiplication du virus Borrelina homhycis sur chrysalides de vers a soie. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 245, 2115–2117 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ———, Sur la nomenclature des virus d’insectes. Entomophaga 3, 331–332 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, Sur la potentialites des germes entomopathogenes an lutte microbiologique. Rev. Path. Veg. et Ent. 43, 101–111 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, Multiplication massive des virus d’insectes pendant la mue nymphale. Entomophaga 6, 53–56 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, and R. Cayrol: Une virose a polyedres de la noctuella gamma Plusia gamma L. (Lepidoptera). Ann. Inst. Natl. Recherches Agron. Ser. C. Ann. Epiphyt. 6, 421–432 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vail, P.: Personal communication (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallis, R. C.: Incidence of polyhedrosis of gypsy moth larvae and the influence of relative humidity. J. econ. Entomol. 50, 580–583 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasser, H. B.: Demonstration of a new insect virus not associated with inclusion bodies. J. Bact. 64 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, H.: Resistance to peroral infection by the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus). J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 257–270 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, S.: Studies on the grasserie virus of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, IV. Physical and chemical effects upon the virus. Japan. J. exp. Med. 21, 299–313 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, J.: Zur Taxonomie der Insektenviren. Cs. Parasit. 5, 203–211 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, J.: Vagoiavirus gen. n., a virus causing disease in insects. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 82–85 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, and C. Vago: A newly described virus of the winter moth, Operophthera hrumata Hubner (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). J. Invertebrate Path. 8, 314–319 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfenbarger, D. A.: Paraffinic and naphthenic oil fractions in combinations with DDT and a Heliothis virus for com earworm control. J. econ. Entomol. 57, 732–735 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ———, D. A.: Polyhedrosis-virus-surfactant and insecticide combinations, and Bacillus thuringiensis-smidiCtsiit combinations for cabbage looper control. J. Invertebrate Path. 7, 33–38 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhdanov, V. M.: Guide to human and animal viruses. Izdatelstvo Academi Medicinskich Nauk U.S.S.R. Moscow, p. 316–323 (348 p.), Publ. Acad. Med. Sci. U.S.S.R. Moscow (1953).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Minerals and Chemical Corp., 60048, Libertyville, Illinois, USA

    Carlo M. Ignoffo

Authors
  1. Carlo M. Ignoffo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 1086 North Broadway, 10701, Yonkers, N.Y., USA

    Karl Maramorosch Ph. D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1968 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ignoffo, C.M. (1968). Viruses — Living Insecticides. In: Maramorosch, K. (eds) Insect Viruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 42. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46115-6_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46115-6_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-46117-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-46115-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation