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Polyene Antibiotics

  • Chapter
Book cover Mechanism of Action

Part of the book series: Antibiotics ((ANTIBIOTICS,volume 1))

Abstract

The early clinical and economic success of antibacterial antibiotics prompted many laboratories to undertake a search for products of natural origin that would be equally effective in the treatment of fungal infections. These endeavors have led to the isolation and characterization of numerous antibiotics, which share certain chemical and biological properties, and are now designated as the polyene antibiotics. Although polyene antibiotics have been known since the discovery of nystatin by Hazen and Brown (in 1950), it is only within recent years that sufficient data has accumulated to allow a discussion of their mechanism of action in other than broadly descriptive terms. The polyenes have attracted the attention of numerous investigators because these antibiotics were toxic to fungi, yet had no effect on bacteria. Thus, the polyenes promised to reveal some interesting biochemical differences between bacteria and fungi. Delay in understanding the mechanism of polyene antibiotic action can therefore not be attributed to a lack of interest but, instead, to the gradual realization that very few antibiotics inhibit simple metabolic pathways. Most antibiotics interfere with the formation or function of macromolecules and subcellular structures (Davis and Feingold, 1962). Such is the case with the polyenes, and, in this review, we shall present in approximate chronological order the evidence which indicates that:

  1. 1.

    The polyene antibiotics cause permeability alterations in sensitive organisms which lead to the loss of essential cytoplasmic constituents culminating in cell death.

  2. 2.

    The cell membrane is the site of action of the polyene antibiotics and that, as a result of polyene binding, it is no longer able to function as a selective restraining barrier.

  3. 3.

    The selective toxicity of the polyene antibiotics is due to interaction with a unique component present only in the membranes of sensitive organisms and that this component is a sterol.

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  1. Stephen C. Kinsky
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    David Gottlieb (Professor of Plant Pathology) & Paul D. Shaw (Associate Professor of Biochemistry) (Professor of Plant Pathology) &  (Associate Professor of Biochemistry)

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Kinsky, S.C. (1967). Polyene Antibiotics. In: Gottlieb, D., Shaw, P.D. (eds) Mechanism of Action. Antibiotics, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46051-7_8

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