Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The physiology and physiopathology of the male sexual glands

  • Chapter
Physiologie und Pathologische Physiologie / Physiology and Pathological Physiology / Physiologie Normale et Pathologique

  • 134 Accesses

Abstract

During the formation of the embryo, the first sexual structures to develop are the fetal testes. This is followed by differentiation of the genital tracts and accessory organs from a dual set of sex ducts and from common primordia. The testis is probably important in the differentiation of the genital tract in the male by the elaboration of hormonal factors, JOST. The hormonal theory of differentiation is supported by the fact that ablation of the genital ridge in placental animals results in a feminine differentiation in the fetus whether the removed tissue was ovary or testis. If the testis is removed after sex differentiation has begun, however, it proceeds in the development of male genitalia. From these observations, it is concluded that the fetal testicular hormone has a stimulative effect on the Wolffian duct and common primordia and an inhibitory action on the MüUerian structures. Presence of testicular hormone has not been detected in the very young embryo during the critical period of sex diiferentiation but androgens have been extracted from sex differentiated bovine fetal testis and fetal rats. The fetal testicular hormone produced during sexual differentiation resembles adult androgenic hormone in its ability to stimulate the development of male organs (Wolffian duct, urogenital sinus and external genitalia). However, the adult androgenic hormone lacks the ability to suppress the development of the Müllerian duct system. It may be that more than one hormone is elaborated by the fetal testis. The cellular origin of testicular hormone is not known. Large numbers of interstitial cells appear in the testis late in embryogenesis that are similar to Leydig cells. These are apparently stimulated to develop by maternal gonadotropins. Their presence in the fetal testis suggests that androgenic hormone may be secreted. This may be similar to adult testicular androgenic hormone and may participate in the final sexual development and descent of the testis into the scrotum.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

Testis

  • Arey, L. B.: Developmental anatomy, 6th edit., pp. 24, 28, 316. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashbel, R., and A. M. Seligman: A new reagent for the histochemical demonstration of active carboxyl groups. A new method for staining ketonic steroids. Endocrinology 44, 565 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BAILEY’S tectbook of histology, revised by P. E. Smith and W. M. Copenhaver, p 551. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins Company 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, M. L.: Sex chromatin and phenotype in man. Science 130, 679 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berthold, A. A.: Transplantation der Hoden. Arch. Anat., Physiol. u. wiss. Med. 1849, 42–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggart, J. H.: Hypophysis of human castrate. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 54, 157 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, A.: Influence of oestrogenic compounds in causing hernia and descent of testes in mice. Brit. J. Surg. 23, 658 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Callaway, J. L., V. Moseley and S. W. Barefoot: Effects of roentgen ray irradiation on the testis of rabbits. Possible harmful effects on human testes from low voltage roentgen ray therapy. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chic.) 56, 471 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Charney, C. W.: Discussion. Fertil. and Steril. 3, 42 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, E. J.: Some effects of artificial cryptorchidism on the accessory sexual organs of the rat. J. Endocr. 18, 27 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on pathologic effects of atomic radiation, report of. Science 124, 60 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowie, A. T., and S. J. Folley: Physiology of the gonadotropins and lactogenic hormone. Hormones 3, 309 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Culp, O. S., and J. W. Best: Morphology of human spermatozoa: Observations with the electron microscope. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 61, 446 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David, K., E. Dingemanse, J. Freud and E. Laquer: Über krystallinisches männliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron), wirksamer als aus Harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 233, 281 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DE Roberts, E. D. P., W. W. Nowinski and F. A. Salz: General cytology, 2nd edit. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman, R. I.: Biochemistry of androgens. Hormones 1, 467 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engberg, H., E. Anderson, B. Sury and J. Raft: Possibility of determining androgen production by measuring acid phosphatase in semen; Investigation in cryptorchid testes. J. Endocr. 5, 42 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, E. T.: Experimentally induced descent of testis in macacus monkev by hormones from anterior pituitary and pregnancy urine. Endocrinology 16, 513 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, M., E. Forchieli and R. I. Dorfman: Estimation of testosterone in human plasma. J. clin. Endocr. 21, 98 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, C. E., P. E. Polani, J. H. Briggs and P. M. F. Bishop: A presumptive human XXY/XX mosaic. Nature (Lond.) 183, 1030 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, N. B., and E. Drutz: Certain effects of irradiation, nitrogen mustard, urethane and colchicine on the testis. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 85, 609 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, T. F., D. G. Peterson, R. I. Dorfman, A. T. Kenyon and F. C. Koch: Daily urinary excretion of estrogenic and androgenic substances by normal men and women. J. clin. Invest. 16, 695 (1937).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, T. D.: The effect of a short period of scrotal insulation in the ram. Proc. physiol. Soc. 4, 31 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. B.: Endocrine study of hypogonadism and cryptorchidism. N.Y. J. Med. 36, 1313 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. B., and E. M. Fields: Comparative values of chorionic gonadotropic hormone and testosterone Propionate in treatment of cryptorchidism and hypogenitalism. J. Endocr. 2, 531 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. D.: The comparative anatomy of the hypophysis with special reference to its blood supply and innervation. Amer. J. Anat. 88, 225 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. D., and G. W. Harris: The neurovascular link between the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis. J. Endocr. 5, 136 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R. E., and T. C. Jewett jr.: Surgical experience from 1222 operations for undescended testis. J. Amer. med. Ass. 160, 634 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J. D., and S. L. Lenard: Effect of male hormone substance on testes and on spermatogenesis. Anat. Rec. 71, 105 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanes, F. M., and C. W. Hooker: Hormone production in undescended testes. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 35, 549 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, C. G., and W. O. Nelson: Testis-pituitary relationship in man. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 3, 229 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinman Jr., F.: Optimum time for orchiopexy in cryptorchidism. Fertil. and Steril. 6, 206 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, N., and V. P. Hollander: Testosterone content of human spermatic vein blood, microdetermination. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 966 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, P. A., A. G. Baikie, W. M. Court, Brown, H. Forest, J. R. Roy, J. S. S. Stewart and B. Lennox: Chromosomal sex in the syndrome of testicular feminization. Lancet 1959 II, 591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, M. E.: Production of experimental cryptorchid rat testes as indicated by seminal vesicles and prostate cytology tests. Anat. Rec. 48, 131 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jost, A.: Problems of fetal endocrinology: The gonadal and hypophyseal hormones. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 8, 379 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinefelter jr., H. F., E. C. Reifenstein Jr. and F. Albright: Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism and increased excretion of follicle stimulating hormone. J. clin. Endocr. 2, 615 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J.: Zur Frage der Geschlechtsspezifizität der Keimdrüseninkrete. Inkret-wirkung und Veränderung der Kastrationshypophyse der Ratte. Arch, des Physiol. 216, 729 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, M. E., and E. T. Engle: Cytochemistry of the human testis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 55, 619 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, J., and R. G. Harrison: Effect of low temperatures on rat spermatogenesis. Fertil. and Steril. 5, 205 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macleod, J., and R. S. Hotchkiss: Effect of hyperpyrexia upon spermatozoa counts in men. Endocrinology 28, 780 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack, W. S., L. S. Scott, M. A. Ferguson-Smith and B. Lennox: Ectopic testis and true unde-scended testis: A histological comparison. J. Path. Bact. 82, 439 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, T.: The biochemistry of semen. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maximow, A. A., and W. Bloom: A textbook of histology, 6th edit., p. 464. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meites, J.: The relation of nutrition to endocrine and reproductive functions. Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci. 28, 19 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O. J.: Sex determination: The sex chromosomes and the sex chromatin pattern. Fertil. and Steril. 13, 93 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W.: The distribution of lipids, glycogen and phosphatases in the human testis. Fertil and Steril. 3, 27 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cytochemical observations on human testes and epididymis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 55, 629 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. R.: Hormone secretion by experimental cryptorchid testes. Yale J. Biol. Med. 17, 203 (1944).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. R., and W. J. Quick: The scrotum as a temperature regulator for the testis. Amer. J. Physiol. 68, 70 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, W. O.: Gametogenic and endocrine functions of testis. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 5, 123 (1937).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, E. V., and K. Benirschke: Somatic sex of anencephalic infants. J. clin. Endocr. 18, 327 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raboch, J., and J. Homolka: Acid phosphatases in the ejaculate of men with disturbances of somatosexual development. Fertil. and Steril. 12, 368 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosen-Runge, E. C.: Quantitative investigations on human testicular biopsies. Fertil. and Steril. 7, 251 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosen-Runge, E. C, and F. D. Barlow: Quantitative studies on human sper-matogenesis: Spermatogonia. Amer. J. Anat. 93, 143 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruzicka, L., M. W. Goldberg, J. Meyer, H. Brüngger U. E. Eichenberger: Zur Kenntnis der Sexualhormone. II. Über die Synthese des Testikelhormons (Androsteron) und Stereoisomerer desselben durch Abbau hydrierter Sterine. Helv. chim. Acta 17, 1395 (1934).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnall, M. D.: Electronmicroscopic study of human spermatozoa. Fertil. and Steril. 3, 62 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz-Larsen, J.: Spermatozoa-electron microscopy of ultrastructure. Acta path. microbiol. scand., Suppl. 128, 1 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scorer, C. G.: Descent of the testicle in the first year of life. Brit. J. Urol. 27, 374 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. W., and K. M. Lynch: The Sertoli cell in studies on testis ovary, eggs, and sperm. Edit. by E. T. ENGLE, p. 37. Springfield (111.): Ch. C. Thomas 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shettles, L. B.: Relation of dietary deficiencies to male fertility. Fertil. and Steril. 11, 88 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoval, A. R.: Histopathology of cryptorchidism. A study based upon the comparative histology of retained and scrotal testes from birth to maturity. Amer. J. Med. 16, 346 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sniffen, R.: The testis: I. The normal testis. Arch. Path. 50, 259 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinach, E., and H. Kun: Hyperemia as a test of male sex hormone. Lancet 1940 I, 688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tijo, J. H., and A. Levan: The chromosome number of man. Hereditas (Lund) 42, 1 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, H. H.: A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck, and cubitus valgus. Endocrinology 23, 566 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Velardo, J. T.: The endocrinology of reproduction. New York: Oxford Univ. Press 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorder Bruegge, C. F.: Radiation injury following an A-bomb explosion. Ann. intern. Med. 36, 1444 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, A. J.: Descent of the testis. Surgery 14, 436 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, S. C.: Failure of gonadotropic function of rat hypophysis during chronic inanition. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 41, 101 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W. W.: Cytology of the human spermatozoon. Fertil. and Steril. 1, 199 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witscht, E., and G. M. Riley: Quantitative studies on the hormones of human pituitaries. Endocrinology 26, 565 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyndham, N. R.: A morphological study of testicular descent. J. Anat. (Lond.) 77, 179 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, D.: The influence of varicocele on human spermatogenesis. Brit. J. Urol. 28, 426 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zelson, C., and E. Steinitz: Treatment of cryptorchidism with male sex hormone. J. Pediat. 15, 522 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and penis

  • Abeshouse, B. S., and L. A. Tankin: True priapism; Report of 4 cases and review of literature. Urol. cutan, Rev. 54, 449 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barford, E. H.: Fibrous cavernositis. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 43, 208 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfield, W. T., and H. C. Rolnick: Obervations on the physiology and therapy of the seminal duct. J. Amer. med. Ass. 89, 2104 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. W., and H. P. Mathews: Significance of intravas pH in relation to motility. Science 115, 209 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, F. B., H. K. Schirmer and W. W. Scott: A new concept in the management of priapism. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 83, 60 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callomon, F. T.: Induratio penis plastica. The problems of its etiology and patho-genesis. Urol. cutan. Rev. 49, 742 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael, H. T., W. J. Noonan and A. L. Kenyon: The effects of testosterone propionate in impotence. Amer. J. Psychiat. 97, 919 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Conti, A.: L’érection du penis humain et ses bases morphologico-vasculaires. Acta anat. (Basel) 14, 217 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlen, C. P., and W. E. Goodwin: Sexual potency after perinea! biopsy of prostate. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 77, 660 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlen, C. P., L. Kaplan and W. E. Goodwin: Priapism as complication of tularemia. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 72, 1192 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deysach, L. J.: The comparative morphology of the erectile tissue of the penis with especial emphasis on the probable mechanism of erection. Amer. J. Anat. 64, 11 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhard, C.: Untersuchungen über die Erektion des Penis beim Hunde. Beitr. Anat. Physiol. 3, 123 (1863).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiman, S., and H. H. Bloomberg: Priapism in sickle cell anemia: Treatment by estrogenic hormone. J. Urol. (Baltimorc) 84, 345 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fixkle, A. L., T. A. Moyers, M. I. Tobenkin and S. L. Karg: Sexual potency in aging males. J. Amer. med. Ass. 170, 1391 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkler, R. S.:Initial priapism during therapy with testosterone propionate in eunuchoid man. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 43, 866 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricke, R. H., and J. A. Vormey: PEYROXIE’S disease and its treatment with radium. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 59, 627 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haar. H., E. Shanbrom and S. Miller: The treatment of leukemic priapism with A-139. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 83, 429 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahman, L. B., and W. W. Scott: Combined psychiatric and urologic study of sexual impotency. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 29, 59 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J. B.: Demonstrated ability of erection in castrate men with markedly low liters of urinary androgens. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (X.Y.) 54, 309 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson. V. E., and M. H. Roepke: The mechanism of erection. Amer. J. Physiol. 106, 441 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinman, F.: Priapism: Report of cases and a clinical study of the literature with reference to its patho-genesis and surgical treatment. Ann. Surg. 60, 689 (1914).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinman jr., F.: Priapism: Reasons for failure of therapy. Trans. Amer. Ass. gen.-urin. Surg. 51, 82 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huhner. M.: Masturbation and impotence from urologie standpoint. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 36, 770 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hvidt, V.: Patensforhold efter prostatectomie. Nord. Med. 62, 1684 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanizky, M.: Beiträge zur Anatomie des Ductus ejaculatorius. Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 87, 11 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesrin, J. G., and B. D. Pinck: Impotencia. X. Y. J. Med. 49, 269 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kxaus, H.: Zur Physiologie der Spermatozoen. Arch. Gynäk. 151, 302 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, R.: Electrotherapy and light therapy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntz, A.: The autonomie nervous system, third edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanz, T. v., T. Wallraff and U. Handfest U. K. Wimmer: Der Nebenhodenschweif des Menschen als Samenspeicher. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 37, 259 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, J. J.: Castration in rat with and without removal of epididymides. Anat. Rec. 66, 455 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leriche, R.: De 1a resection du carrefour aortieoiliaque avec double sympathectomie lombaire pour thrombose arteritique de l’aorte le syndrome de l’oblitération terminoartique par arterete. Presse méd. 48, 601 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowsley, O. S.: Surgical treatment of plastic induration of the penis — PEYRONIE’S disease. N.Y. J. Med. 43, 2273 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowsley, O. S., and W. H. Boyce: Further experience with an operation for cure of PEYRONIE’S disease. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 63, 888 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, J. M., and R. M. Nesbit: Influence of vasectomy upon incidence of epididymitis following TUR prostatectomy. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 59, 229 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, W. R., E. Abernathy and M. Gropper: Effects of androgen and somatotrophin (growth hormone) on os penis of rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (X.Y.) 73, 193 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maclean, P. D., D. W. Ploog and B. W. Robinson: Circulatory effects of limbic stimulation with special reference to the male genital organ. Physiol. Rev. 40, 105 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins, T., and J. R. Valle: Endocrine control of motility of male accessory genital glands. Endocrinology 25, 80 (1939).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccarthy, J. F., J. S. Ritter and P. Klemperer: Anatomical and histological study of the verumontanum with special reference to the ejaculatory ducts. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 17, 1 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Monro, D., H. W. Horne and D. P. Paull: The effects of injury to the spinal cord and cauda equina on the sexual potency of men. New Engl. J. Med. 239, 903 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. R.: Supplementary observations on mammalian testes activity; vas efferentia ligation; atypical scrota. Anat. Rec. 48, 105 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, G., and C. R. Nichols: Sexual activities and attitudes in older persons. J. Amer. med. Ass. 173, 117 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicander, L.: Glycogen secretion in the epididymis. Nature (Lond.) 174, 700 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowsky, D. O., and I. S. Melman: Plastic induration. Urol. cutan. Rev. 41, 185 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’ocnor jr., V.: Impotence and Leriche syndrome. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 80, 195 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldfield, J.: Management of primary priapism. Brit. med. J. 1959 II, 1227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oslund, R. M.: The physiology of the male reproductive system. J. Amer. med. Ass. 90, 829 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, R. A., and O. J. Penna: Effectiveness of drugs in preventing postoperative penile erections. Surgery 24, 980 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, E. L., and J. V. Wines: Physical changes associated with adolescence in boys. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 82, 529 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B. D., and N. H. Schwartz: Impotence due to methantheline bromide. N.Y. J. Med. 52, 1530 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, A., and C. Lawrence: Studies of the endocrine glands. Endocrinology 12, 591 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, A.: Studies in human reproduction. II. The influence of diabetes mellitus in men upon reproduction. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 76, 25 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, A., and D. Babbott: Impotence and diabetes mellitus, statistics. J. Amer. med. Ass. 168, 498 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scardino, R. L., and W. W. Scott: Use of tocopherols in treatment of PEYRONIE’S disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 52, 390 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaurup, K.: Plastic induration of the penis. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) 26, 313 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonfeld, W. A.: Primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Study of their development in males from birth thru maturity with biométric study of penis and testes. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 65, 535 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonfeld, W. A., and G. W. Beebe: Normal growth and variation from birth to maturity. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 48, 759 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Semans, J. H., and O. R. Langworthy: Neurophysiology of sexual function in the male cat. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 40, 836 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shave, S. L.: Role of stero-cilia in removing India ink particles from lumen of rat epididymis. Anat. Rec. 119, 177 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, W. R., and R. P. Escamilla: Simultaneous bilateral testicular seminomas: Report of a case after a 10 year follow-up period with discussion of substitution androgen therapy. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 86, 614 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G.: The effects of ligation of the vasa efferentia and vasectomy on testicular function in the adult rat. J. Endocr. 23, 385 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soiland, A.: PEYRONIE’S disease or plastic induration. Radiology 42, 183 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strandness, D. E., and M. Paulken: Priapism secondary to metastatic malignancy: Report of a case. Arch. Surg. 76, 644 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teasley, G. H.: PEYRONIE’S disease. A new approach. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 71, 611 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W. O., N. J. Heckel and A. D. Bevan: Influence of anterior pituitary-like principle on external genitalia of young boys. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 40, 145 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thyberg, W. G., and W. R. Lyons: Androgen induced growth of os penis of hypophys-ectomized-gonadectomized rats. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 69, 158 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toothill, M. C., and W. C. Young: Time consumed by spermatozoa in passing through ductus epididymis of guinea pig as determined by means of India ink injections. Anat. Rec. 50, 95 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuthill, J. F.: Impotence. Lancet 1955 I, 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulm, A. H.: The treatment of 10 priapism with Arfonad. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 81, 291 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vest, S. A., and J. E. Howard: Clinical experiments with the use of male sex hormones. I. Use of testosterone proprionate in hypogonadism. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 40, 154 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waller, J. L, and W. C. Preese: PEYRONIE’S disease associated with DUPUYTREN’S contractures. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 68, 623 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesson, M. B.: PEYRONIE’S disease — cause and treatment. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 49, 350 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whersch, E.: Relation of os penis of mammals to bone formation in human penis. Urol. cutan. Rev. 34, 453 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams jr., D. C.: Treatment of priapism by tryptic enzymes. Trans. s.-east. Sect. Amer. urol. Ass. 21, 12 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolbarst, A. L.: Urologie aspects of sexual impotence. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 29, 77 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeitlin, A. B., T. L. Cottrell and F. A. Lloyd: Sexology of the paraplegic male. Fertil. and Steril. 8, 337 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

The prostate gland, the seminal vesicle and estrogen and the accessory organs

  • Aschoff, L.: Ein Beitrag zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie der Schleimhaut der Harnwege und ihrer drüsigen Anhänge. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 138, 119 (1894)

    Google Scholar 

  • Awapara, J.: The influence of sex hormones on the transaminases. Endocrinology 51, 75 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R., D. Govan, J. Huffer and J. Cason: Biologic titration of diethylstilbestrol against activity of cancer. Effect on serum aldolase. J. clin. Endocr. 13, 383 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barron, E. S. G.: Citric acid and aconitase content of the prostate. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 62, 195 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barron, E. S. G., and C. Huggins: The metabolism of prostate, transamination and citric acid. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 55, 385 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beams, H. W., and R. L. King: The sperm storage function of the seminal vesicles. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 29, 95 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bern, H. A.: The effect of sex steroids on the respiration of the rat ventral prostate in vitro. J. Endocr. 9, 312 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandes, D., and D. P. Groth: The fine structure of the rat prostatic complex. Exp. Cell Res. 23, 159 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgen, A. S. V.: Urinary excretion of phosphatases in man. Lancet 1947 I, 329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, H.: Pathological conditions induced by oestrogenic compounds in the coagulating gland in the prostate of the mouse. Amer. J. Cancer 23, 490 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler III, W. W. S., and A. I. Schade: The effects of castration and androgen replacement on the nucleic acid composition, metabolism, and enzymatic capacities of the rat ventral prostate. Endocrinology 63, 271 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chwalla, H., u. E. Zandanell: Untersuchungen liber die Samenblasengröße bei Prostatikern, über die diffuse Prostatahvperplasie und die Samenblasenhyperplasie. Urol. int. (Basel) 7, 199 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, O., F. Haddad, G. Prout and W. F. Whitmore: Some observations of the distribution of radioactive zinc in prostatic and other human tissues. Brit. J. Urol. 28, 271 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deanesly, R., and A. Parkes: Size changes in seminal vesicles of the mouse during development and after castration. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 78, 442 (1933).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Lory, G. E., and M. Hetherington: The determination of urinary acid phosphatase. Canad. J. Med. Sci. 30, 1 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhard, G., quoted by C. Huggins: The prostatic secretion. Harvey Lect. 42, 148 (1946/47).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliason, R.: Prostaglandin occurrence, form and biological properties. Acta physiol. scand. 46, 1 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Euler, U. S. v.: Specific vasodilating and plain muscle stimulating substances from accessory genital glands in man and certain animals. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 88, 213 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • An adrenaline-like action in extracts from prostatic and related glands. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 81, 102 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell. J. L: Studies on the secretion of the prostatic gland: Method for collecting pure secretion in dogs; Factors influencing secretion of the prostatic fluid; Some properties of prostatic secretions in dogs. Trans. Amer. Ass. gen.-urin. Surg. 24, 221 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • The newer physiology of the prostate gland. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 39, 171 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • The secretion of alcohol by the genital tract; experimental study. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 40, 62 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M. I., A. O. Tikkala and C. A. Mawson: Zinc, carbonic anhydrase, and phosphatase in the rat. Canad. J. Biochem. 33, 181 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, I. X.: A cytologic evaluation of the prostatic smear in carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 73, 128 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franks, L. M.: The growth of mouse prostate during culture in vitro in chemically defined and natural media, and after transplantation in vivo. The effects of insulin and normal human serum. Exp. Cell Res. 22, 56 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estrogen and testosterone on cultures of prostate from mice of various ages. Brit. J. Cancer 13, 59 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetsch. J. B.: A clinical and histochemical study of acid and alkaline phosphatase in normal and abnormal prostatic tissue. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 84, 636 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomori, G.: Distribution of acid phosphatase in the tissues under normal and under pathologic conditions. Arch. Path. 32, 189 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, D. A., D. S. Rasmttssen-Taxdal, A. A. Ferreira and W. W. Scott: Estrogen inhibition of androgen maintained prostatic secretions in the hypophysectomized dog. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 86, 134 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grayhack, J. T.: The effect of local testosterone administration on the prostate of the rat. Endocrinology 63, 399 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Changes with aging in human seminal vesicles. Fluid fructose concentration and seminal vesicle weight. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 86, 142 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayhack, J. T., P. L. Bunce, J. W. Kearns and W. W. Scott: The influence of pituitary on prostatic response to androgen in the rat. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 96, 154 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grayhack, J. T., and W. W. Scott: The effect of general dietary deficiencies on the response of prostate of albino rat to testosterone propionate. Endocrinology 50, 406 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greer, D. S.: The distribution of radioactivity in non-excretory organs of the male rat after injection of testosterone 4 C14. Endocrinology 64, 898 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, S. A., and T. C. Gould: Relative importance of androgen and estrogen in the selective uptake of Zn 65 by dorsolateral prostate of the rat. Endocrinology 58, 443 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, A. B., and E. G. Gutman: Acid phosphatase and functional activity of prostate (man) and preputial glands (rat). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 39, 529 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Adult phosphatase levels in the prepubertal rhesus prostate tissue after testosterone propionate. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 41, 277 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quantitative relations of a prostatic component (acid phosphatase) of human seminal fluid. Endocrinology 28, 115 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, D. F., and A. H. Labrum: Semen prostaglandin levels in fifty patients attending a fertility clinic. J. Reprod. Fertil. 2, 1 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoare, R., G. E. Delory and D. W. Penner: Zinc and acid phosphatase in human prostate. Cancer (Philad.) 9, 721 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, E.: Effects of adrenalectomy and desoxycorticosterone therapy on castrated rat prostate; Evidence of andromimetic function of immature rat adrenal. Endrocrinology 29, 746 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The effect of adrenalectomy on accessory reproductive glands of mice castrated for short periods. Endocrinology 38, 156 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Effects of castration on seminal vesicles as influenced by age considered in relation to degree of development of adrenal X zone. Amer. J. Anat. 65, 105 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, P. B., and W. W. S. Butler III.: A study of the enzyme acid phosphatase and its possible role in intermediary carbohydrate metabolism of prostate gland and secretion in man and dog. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 63, 323 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C.: The physiology of the prostate gland. Physiol. Rev. 25, 281 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The prostatic secretion. Harvey Lect. 42, 148 (1946/47).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C., and E. S. Barron: The metabolism of isolated prostatic tissue. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 51, 630 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C., and D. F. Mcdonald: Proteolytic enzymes and acid phosphatase in the prostatic fluid in chronic prostatitis. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 52, 472 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chronic hemospermia; Its origin and treatment with estrogen. J. clin. Endocr. 5, 226 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C., and W. Neal: Coagulation and liquefaction of semen; Proteolytic enzymes and citrate in prostatic fluid. J. exp. Med. 76, 527 (1942).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C., and P. S. Russell: Quantitative effects of hypophysectomy on testis and prostate of dogs. Endocrinology 39, 1 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C., W. W. Scott and J. H. Heinen: Chemical composition of human semen and of the secretion of the prostate and seminal vesicles. Amer. J. Physiol. 136, 467 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C. and V. C. Vail: Plasma coagulation and fibrinogenolysin by prostatic fluid and trypsin. Amer. J. Physiol. 139, 129 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C., and W. O. Webster: Duality of human prostate in response to estrogens. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 59, 258 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, G. F., and T. Mann: Citric acid in semen. Nature (Lond.) 61, 353 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Karassik, W. M.: Über die fermentativen Eigenschaften des Prostatasekrets in Zusammenhang mit der Bedeutung der Prostata in der Spermatozoenbewegung. Z. ges. exp. Med. 53, 734 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, J. E., A. Eisenstein and C. M. Macbryde: The acid phosphatase concentration of the prostatic exprimate during normal puberty. J. clin. Endocr. 12, 338 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasnitzki, I.: The effect of estrogen alone and combined with 20 methylcholanthrene on mouse prostate glands grown in vitro. Cancer Res. 14, 632 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, S. L., P. L. Perlman and R. Kurzrok: The effect of the prostate and seminal vesicles on the production of hyaluronidase by rat testes homogenate. Endocrinology 40, 199 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levey, H. A., and C. M. Szego: The effect of androgen on fructose production by the sex accessories of male guinea pigs and rats. Endocrinology 56, 404 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, E., S. Albert and R. M. Johnson: Phospholipid metabolism during hypertrophy and hyperplasia in rat prostates and seminal vesicles (studies using P32). Arch. Biochem. 56, 59 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, M. C.: Clinical application of diphenylthiocarbazone in carcinoma of the prostate. Canad. med. Ass. J. 82, 1203 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowsley, O. S.: The development of the human prostate gland with reference to development of other structures at the neck of the bladder. Amer. J. Anat. 13, 299 (1912).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist, F.: Studies on biochemistry of human semen. I. The natural substrate of prostatic phosphatase. Acta physiol. scand. 13, 322 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist, F., and H. H. Seedorff: Pepsinogen in human seminal fluid. Nature (Lond.) 170, 1115 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutwak-Mann, C., and T. Mann: Restoration of secretory function in male accessory glands of vitamin B-deficient rats by means of chorionic gonadotrophin. Nature (Lond.) 165, 556 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Macleod, J., and R. S. Hotchkiss: The distribution of spermatozoa and of certain chemical constituents in the human ejaculate. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 48, 225 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, T.: Fructose and fructolysis in semen in relation to fertility. Lancet 1948 I, 446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marvin, H. N., and J. Awapara: Effect of androgen on concentration of certain amino acids in the rat prostate. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 72, 93 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mawson, C. A., and M. J. Fischer: I. Carbonic anhydrase and zinc in prostate glands of the rat and rabbit. Arch. Biochem. 36, 485 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcdonald, D. F.: Symposium on therapy for disseminated prostatic cancer. Proc. III. National Cancer Conference. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Effect of diphenylthiocarbazone on prostates of animals and in human prostatic cancer. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 83, 458 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcdonald, D. F., and M. J. Latta: Anerobic glyco-lysis of human benign prostatic hypertrophy slices: Inhibition by testosterone. J. appl. Physiol. 7, 325 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anerobic glycolysis of human prostatic adenoma. II. In vitro inhibition by estrogen and by androgen and estrogen. Endocrinology 59, 159 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcnicol, G. P., A. P. Fletcher, H. Alkjäersig and S. Sherry: The absorption, distribution and excretion of E. aminocaproic acid following oral or intravenous administration to man. J. Lab. clin. Med. 59, 15 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melchionna, R. H., and S. Flanders: The physiological response of ocular transplants of the seminal vesicle in female rabbits. Endocrinology 23, 468 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, M. J., P. V. Elcoate and C. A. Mawson: Sex hormone control of the zinc content of the prostate. Canad. J. Biochem. 35, 865 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. R., and T. F. Gallagher: Seminal vesicle and prostate function as a testis hormone indicator: The electric ejaculation test. Amer. J. Anat. 45, 39 (1930).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. R., W. Hughes and T. F. Gallagher: Rat seminal vesicle cytology as testis hormone indication and prevention of castration changes by testis extract. Amer. J. Anat. 45, 109 (1930).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. R., and D. Price: Effects of testosterone and testosterone propionate in rat. Anat. Rec. 71, 59 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. R., and L. T. Samuels: The action of testis hormone in correcting changes induced in rat prostate and seminal vesicles by vitamin B deficiency or partial inanition. Amer. J. Physiol. 96, 278 (1931).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. A.: The evolution and involution of the prostate gland. Amer. J. Path. 12, 599 (1936).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, J. H.: Surgical drainage of the seminal vesicles and prostate. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 46, 341 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyden, S. J., and H. G. Williams-ASHMAN: Influence of androgens on synthetic reactions in ventral prostate tissue. Amer. J. Physiol. 172, 588 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pazos jr., R., and C. Huggins: Effect of androgen on the prostate in starvation. Endocrinology 36, 416 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelc, S. R., and P. B. Gahan: Incorporation of labelled thymidine in the seminal vesicles of the mouse. Nature (Lond.) 183, 335 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. C., and R. M. Melampy: Effects of testosterone propionate on the seminal vesicles of the rat. Endocrinology 51, 412 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D.: Normal development in rat with study of experimental post-natal modifications. Amer. J. Anat. 60, 79 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prout, G. R., O. Daniel and W. F. Whitmore jr.: The occurrence of intravenously injected radio-active zinc in the prostate and prostatic fluid of dogs. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 78, 471 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prout jr., G. R., M. Sierp and W. F. Whitmore jr.: Radioactive zinc in the prostate. Some factors influencing concentration in dogs and men. J. Amer. med. Ass. 169, 1703 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, J., and O. K. Albrechtsen: Characterization of the fibrinolytic component in the human prostate. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 12, 261 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robson, J. M.: Local action of steroids on secondary sex organs of male rats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 113, 537 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolnick, H. C.: Infections of the seminal ducts. Arch. phys. Ther. (Omaha) 8, 163 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen-Krantz, H., and M. Mason: The influence of hormones and pilocarpine on biochemical constituents of canine prostatic fluid. Cancer Chemother. Reports 12, 143 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlacta, J.: Beiträge zur mikroskopischen Anatomie der Prostate und Mamma des Neugeborenen. Arch. mikr. Anat. 64, 405 (1904).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. W.: The lipids of prostatic fluid seminal plasma and enlarged prostate gland of man. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 53, 712 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Role of pituitary in normal and abnormal prostatic growth. Trans. Amer. Ass. gen.-urin. Surg. 46, 33 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. W., and C. Huggins: The acid phosphatase activity of human urine; An index of prostatic secretions. Endocrinology 30, 107 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H., and S. Albert: The pubertal increase in response of accessory sex organs to steroid hormones. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 49, 361 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smelser, G.K.: Effect of thyroidectomy on reproductive system and hypophysis of adult male rats. Anat. Rec. 74, 7 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonenberg, M.: Studies with radioactively labelled anterior pituitary preparations. Ciba Found Coll. Endocrin. 4, 229 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, R. O., I. N. Rubinstein and R. K. Meyer: Effect of testosterone propionate on phosphatases in the seminal vesicle of the rat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 71, 353 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swyer, G. J. M.: Postnatal growth changes in human prostate. J. Anat. (Lond.) 78, 130 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagnon, H. J., and A. Steen-Lievens: Reversible inactivation of acid phosphatase in human prostatic extracts in vitro. Cancer (Philad.) 13, 507 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagnon, H. J., W. F. Whitmore Jr., P. Schulman and S. C. Kravitz: The significance of fibrinolysis occurring in patients with metastatic cancer. Cancer (Philad.) 6, 63 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. W., and H. R. Morgan: Antibacterial substances in human semen and prostatic fluid. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 94, 662 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teem, M. V.: Size and weight of normal and of pathologic prostatic gland. Arch. Path. 22, 817 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorborg, J. V.: Influence of estrogenic hormones on male accessory genital system with special reference to prostate and etiology of senile hypertrophy of human prostate. Acta endocr. (Kbh.) 1, 1 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tislowitz, R.: The action of estrogens in inducing mitosis in muscle, connective tissue, and epithelium of the prostate and seminal vesicle of mice as determined by the colchicine technique. Anat. Rec. 75, 265 (1939).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, E.: The acid phosphatase of prostatic fluid in young, middle aged, and old individuals. J. Geront. 3, 98 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagener, G. VAN: The coagulating function of the cranial lobe of the prostate gland in the monkey. Anat. Rec. 66, 411 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams-Ashman, H. G.: Changes in enzymatic constitution of ventral prostate gland induced by androgenic hormones. Endocrinology 54, 121 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams-Ashman, H. G., and J. Banks: The synthesis and degradation of citric acid by ventral prostate tissue. I. Enzymatic mechanisms. J. biol. Chem. 208, 337 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wotiz, H. H., and H. M. Lemon: Studies in steroid metabolism; metabolism of testosterone by human prostatic tissue slices. J. biol. Chem. 206, 525 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ying, S. H., E. Day, W. F. Whitmore Jr. and J. H. Tagnon: Fibrinolytic activity in human prostatic fluid and semen. Fertil. and Steril. 7, 80 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youmans, G. P., J. Liebling and R. Y. Lyman: Bacterial action of prostatic fluid in dogs. J. infect. Dis. 63, 117 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. D. F. McDonald
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1965 Springer-Verlag · Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McDonald, D.F. (1965). The physiology and physiopathology of the male sexual glands. In: Physiologie und Pathologische Physiologie / Physiology and Pathological Physiology / Physiologie Normale et Pathologique. Handbuch der Urologie / Encyclopedia of Urology / Encyclopédie D’urologie, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46018-0_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46018-0_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-46020-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-46018-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation