Abstract
In addition to their application in processing vacuum materials (see e. g. sec. 9.2 and p. 397, footnote 1), gases are used to conduct current and produce light in discharge tubes, reduce the evaporation of filaments, and conduct heat from hot electrodes.
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References on Gases and Vapors References on General and Comparative Properties
Akkumulatoren-Fabrik A. G.: DRP 304347/15/19. (Oxide-cathode rectifier with inert gas filling.)
Alberti, E.: BraunscheKathodenstrahlröhren. Berlin 1932. (Gas-filled cathode-ray tubes.)
AEG (Allg. Elektr.-Gesellschaft): DRP 290932/13/16. (Gas-filled, coiled-filament incandescent lamp.)
AEG (Allg. Elektr.-Gesellschaft): Jb. Forschungsinstitut vol.3 (1931-32) p. 45. (Lightning arrester.)
AEG (Allg. Elektr.-Gesellschaft): DRP 289543/13/16. (Ar-N2 mixture for lamp filling.)
AEG (Allg. Elektr.-Gesellschaft): DRP 440044/14/17. (W-Ar rectifier tube.)
Almasy, F., and G. Kortüm: Über eine Wasserstofflampe mit quasi-punktförmigem Leuchtraum. Z. Elektrochem. vol.42 (1936) p. 607, No. 8. (H2-lamp.)
Alterthum, H., M. Reger and R. Seeliger: Z. techn. Phys. vol.9 (1928) p. 161. (Ignition voltage in W-Ar rectifiers.)
Alterthum, H.: Wolfram. Braunschweig 1925.
Alterthum, H.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.50 (1929) p. 17271. (W incandescent lamps.)
Ardenne, M. v.: Die Kathodenstrahlröhre. Berlin 1933. (Gas filled CRT.)
Aschermann, G.: Glas u. Appar. vol.9 (1928) p. 223. (Luminous lamps.)
Bär, R.: Handbuch der Physik vol. 6. Berlin 1927. (Glow discharge.)
Barreiss, M.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.8 (1927) p. 449. (Gas-discharge rectifier.)
Becker, K., and F. Ebert: Metallröntgenröhren. Braunschweig 1925. (Demountable X-ray tubes.)
Belfawsky, A.: Glimmgleichrichter. Techn. Phys. USSR vol. 4 (1937) pp. 493–502, No. 6.
Benda, H.: Siemens-Z. vol.12 (1932) p. 394. (Lightning arrester.)
Busch, H.: Ann. Phys. vol.64 (1921) p. 404. (Theory of Fe-H2 resistors.)
Brody, L, and F. Körösy: Convection and Conduction of Heat in Gases. J. Appl. Phys. vol.10 (1939) p. 591, No. 8.
Claude, A.: Bull. Soc. Franc. Electr. vol.3 (1933) p. 1145 — C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris vol. 194 (1932) p. 2253. (Different gas discharge lamps.)
Cobine, J. D.: Gaseous Conductors. New York 1941.
Dobke, F.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.53 (1932) p. 449. (Oxide cathode, partly coated.)
Druyvesteyn, M. J., and J. G. W. Mulder: Physical Principles of Gas-Filled Hot-Cathode Rectifiers. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 2 (1937) pp. 122–123.
Druyvesteyn, M. J., and F. M. Penning: The Mechanism of Electrical Discharges in Gases. Rev. Mod. Phys. vol. 12 (April 1940) p. 87. (Survey paper.)
Edwards, W. L., and L. R. Maxwell: An Adjustable Leak Valve. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.9 (1938) p. 201. (Needle type with bellows.)
Ehrenkranz, F.: Spark Breakdown Potentials as a Function of the Product of the Pressure and the Plate Separation in Ar, N 2, and H 2 for Pt and Na Cathodes, Phys. Rev. vol.55 (1938) p. 219–227, No. 2.
Elenbaas, W.: Der Einfluß des Zündgases auf die Quecksilber-Hochdruckentladung. Physica vol. 3 (1936) pp. 219–236, No. 4. (Hg high-pressure discharge.)
Ende, W.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.55 (1934) p. 853. (High-pressure Hg lamp.)
Ende, W.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.15 (1934) p. 313. (UV-transparent glass.)
Engel, A. V., and W. Steenbeck: Elektrische Gasentladungen. Vol. 1: Grundgesetze. Berlin 1932; Vol.2: Technische Anwendungen. Berlin 1934.
Ewest, H.: Fernsehen u. Tonfilm vol.3 (1932) p. 9. (Sodium lamp.)
Fedoritenko and M. Ruhemann: Equilibrium Diagrams of Helium-Nitrogen Mixtures. Techn. Phys. USSR vol. 4 (1937) pp. 36–43, No. 1.
Fleischer, R., and H. Teichmann: Die lichtelektrischen Zellen und ihre Herstellung. Dresden u. Leipzig 1932.
Fonda, G. R., and A.H. Young: Gen.Electr.Rev. vol.37 (1934) p. 331. (Sodium lamps.)
Freedman, P.: Low-Voltage Neon Tubes. Electr. Rev. vol. 118 (1936) p.487, No. 1.
Gehrts, A.: Siemens-Z. vol.7 (1927) p. 559. (Thoriated Mo-cathode.)
Geiss, W.: Improvements in the Efficiency of El. Incandescent Lamps. Philips Technical Review vol. 6 (1941) pp. 334–342, No. 11. (Heat losses as a function of wire diameter and gas filling.)
Germershausen, W.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.51 (1930) p. 1257. (Oxide-cathode rectifier with gas filling.)
Gordon, N. W.: Operating Characteristics of Na-vapour Lamps. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol.37 (1934) p. 338.
Gottschalk, A., and W. Kluge: AEG-Mitt (1934) p. 67. (High-tension oxide-cathode rectifier with gas filling.)
Gregory, H. S.: The Effect of Temperature on the Thermal Conductivity and the Accommodation Coefficient of Hydrogen. Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. vol. 149 (1935) pp.51–56.
Güntherschulze, A.: Handbuch der Physik, vol. 17. Berlin 1926. Elektrische Gleichrichter und Ventile. Berlin 1929.
Hellmuth, F. H.: Der Argonalgleichrichter. Leipzig 1933.
Holst, G.: DRP. 497 793/21/30. (Ne filling with small additions of Ar.)
Hund, A.: Electronics vol. 6 (1933) p.6. (Glass-porcelain sealing; gas-discharge amplifier.)
Ingram, S. B.: The 313 A Vacuum Tube. Bell. Lab. Rec. vol. 15 (1936) pp. 114–116, No. 4. (three-electrode, cold-cathode glow-discharge tube.)
Kausch, O.: Die Herstellung, Verwendung und Aufbewahrung von flüssiger Luft. 2. Aufl. Weimar: Carl Steinert 1938.
Keinath, G.: Elektrische Temperatur-Meßgeräte. München 1923.
Klemenc, A.: Die Behandlung und Reindarstellung von Gasen. Leipzig 1948.
Klemperer: Zündspannungskurven von Edelgasen bei niedrigen Drucken. Z. techn. Phys. (1938) p. 27, No. 9.
Knepper, E.: Die Fabrikation und Berechnung der modernen Metalldraht-Glühlampen. Leipzig 1926.
Kniepkamp, H., and M. Steenbeck: Siemens-Z. vol.15 (1935) p. 193. (Hg-vapor thyratrons.)
Knoll, M., F. Ollendorff and E. Rompe: Gasentladungstabellen. Berlin 1935.
Knoll, M.: Arch. Techn. Messen (ATM) vol. 1 (1931) p. J 834–1. (References on cathode ray tubes up to 1931.)
Köhler, W., and R. Rompe: Die elektrischen Leuchtröhren. Braunschweig 1933.
Korolew, B. L: Lampen mit Krypton-Xenon-Füllung. Lichttechn. (1937) pp. 37-40.
Körös, L.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.50 (1929) p. 786, DRP. 600128/28/34. (Glow-discharge voltage divider.)
Krefft, H., and E. Summerer: Licht vol.4 (1934) p. 1. (Hg high pressure-lamps.)
Krieg, O.: Ein einfaches Hochvakuumnadelventil. Z. techn. Phys. vol.23 (1942) p. 314–315, No. 12. (Needle valve with bellows and glass seals.)
Landolt-Boernstein Tables: Atome und Ionen, in vol. 1: Atom-und Molekularphysik. Berlin 1950.
Langmuir, I.: Convection and Conduction of Heat in Gases. Phys.Rev. vol.34 (1912) p.401.
Lax, E., M. Pirani and R. Rompe: Physikalische Vorgänge bei der Lichterzeugung. Wiss. Abh. Osram-Konzern vol. 4 (1936). Springer.
Lax, E., M. Pirani and R. Rompe: Naturwiss. vol.23 (1935) p. 26. (Gas-discharge lamps.)
Lax, E., and M. Pirani: Wolfram, in G. Gehlhoff: Lehrbuch der technischen Physik vol. III. Leipzig 1929.
Lax, E., and M. Pirani in Geiger-Scheel: Handbuch der Physik vol.19 (1928) p. 379. (Luminous Tubes.)
Lax, E., and M. Pirani in Geiger-Scheel: Handbuch der Physik vol.19 (1929) p. 351. (Techniques of illumination.)
Liempt, J. A. M. van: Die Verdampfungsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle in einer Gasatmosphäre. Rec. Trav. chim. Pays-Bas vol. 55 (1936) pp. 1–6.
Liempt, J. A. M. van: Die Dampf drucke der Metalle und ihre Verdampfungsgeschwindigkeit im Vakuum. Rev. Trav. chim. Pays-Bas vol. 54 (1935) pp. 847–852.
Livingston, U. W., and W.J. Walker: Gas-Filled Electron Tubes. Gen. Elect. Rev. vol. 41 (1938) pp. 354–360, No. 8. (Glow tube, grid glow tube, pool tube, grid pool tube, ignitron.)
Loeb, L. B.: Fundamental Processes of El. Discharges in Gases. New York 1939.
Lübcke, E., and W. Schottky: Wiss. Veröff. Siemens-Konz. (1) vol.9 (1930) p. 390. (Hg-vapor discharge amplifier.)
Mathews, E. C. S.: The Blended Light Lamp. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 5 (Dec. 1940) pp. 341–347. (Mercury lamp in combination with incandescent lamp.)
Mierdel, G., and R. Seeligen: Die Physik vol.2 (1934) p. 67; vol. 6 (1938) p. 19. (Literature on gas discharges 1930-1937.)
Möbius, P.: Die Neon-Leuchtröhren. Leipzig 1932.
Müller-Lübeck, K. E.: Der Quecksilbergleichrichter, vol. I and II. Berlin 1925 and 1929.
Nienhold, J.: DRP. 319806/16/20, DRP. 342609/18/21, DRP. 348995/18/22. (Hgvapor discharge amplifier.)
Nomoto, H.: The Influence of Anode Material on a Stepped Discharge. Electrotechnical J., Tokyo vol. 4 (May 1940) pp. 116–119.
Oranje, P. I.: Technical Photometry of Gas-Discharge Lamps. Philips Tech. Rev. vol.5 (June 1940) pp. 166–170. (Short time, accuracy 3%.)
Penning, F. M.: Z. Phys. vol.46 (1928) p. 335. (Ignition potential of gas mixtures.)
Pirani, M.: Wiss. Abh. Osram-Konzern vol.2 (1931) p. 40. (High-pressure Hg lamps with pot cathodes.)
Pirani, M.: Physik. Z. vol.2 (1934) p. 133. (Gas-discharge lamps.)
Pirani, M., and A. Rüttenauer: Licht vol.5 (1935) p. 93. (Luminescent materials in gas-discharge lamps.)
Prince, D. C., and F. B. Vogdes: Principles of Mercury Arc Rectifiers. London 1927.
Rentschler, H. C.: Trans. Ilium. Engng. Soc. vol.29 (1934) p. 437. (Spectra of luminous lamps.)
Rompe, R., and W. Steenbeck: The Plasma State of Gases. Naturwiss. vol.18 (1939) p. 257. Translated from German by G. C. Akerlof, Mellon Inst. of Ind. Research.
Rothe, H., and W. Kleen: Telefunkenztg. vol.16 (1935) p. 44, No. 71. (Gas containing amplifier tubes.)
Rother, F., and H. Bomke: Physik. Z. vol.35 (1934) p. 703. (Gas-filled photocells.)
Schröter, F.: Handbuch der Bildtelegraphie und des Fernsehens. Berlin 1932.
Schröter, F.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.4 (1923) p. 208. (Rare gas lightning arrester with alkali electrodes.)
Schröter, F.: Die Glimmlampe und ihre Schaltungen, 3. Aufl. Leipzig 1932. (Glowlamp.)
Schröter, F.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol. 36 (1915) pp. 677, 689. (Glow-discharge potentiometers.)
Seeliger, R.: Einführung in die Physik der Gasentladungen, 2. Aufl. Leipzig 1934.
Siegbahn, W.: Spektroskopie der Röntgenstrahlen. Berlin 1931.
SSW. (Siemens-Schuckert-Werke): Siemens-Z. (Stromrichter-Sonderheft I vol.13 (1933) p. 253. (Grid-controlled rectifiers.)
Ssousstin, W. F.: Verdampfung von Wolfram von der Oberfläche erhitzter Fäden in inerten Gasen. Lichttechn. (1937) pp. 27-32.
Teago, F. J., and J.E. Gill: Mercury Arcs. London 1936.
Tellmann, W.: Glas u. App. vol.16 (1935) p. 17. (Lumophor-Glasses.)
Trautz, M., and A. Zündel: Messung der Wärmeleitung in Gasen. Ann. Phys. vol.17 (1933) p. 345.
Trost, A.: Die Anwendung des Zählrohrs in der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung. Z. VDI vol. 85 (1941) pp. 819–846, No. 41-42. (X-ray counter.)
Ulsamer, J.: Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Luft und anderer technisch wichtiger Gase. Z. VDI vol. 80 (1936) pp. 537–543, No. 18. (Heat conductivity of gases.)
Unterhoeven, W.: El. Gasentladungen. Berlin 1938.
Wang, I. S.: Die Diffusion von Gasen durch Metalle. Proc. Cambridge philos. Soc. vol. 32 (1936) pp. 657–662.
Wegener, A.: Die Herstellung der Osramlampen. Berlin 1927.
Westinghouse Lamp Co. (Bloomfield, N. J.): The Westinghouse Sterilamp, Type WL-782. Electron Tubes, Inf. Bull., Aug. 1936, No. 56. (Mixture of Hg-vapor and other inert gases.)
Wolfke, M.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.33 (1912) p. 917. (Cadmium-amalgam lamp.)
Zeiller, O.: Über ein für Dauerbetrieb geeignetes Zählrohr. Z. Instrumentenkde. vol. 58 (1938) pp. 207–209, No. 5. (Counter.)
Anon.: Dtsch. opt. Wschr. vol.55 (1934) p. 409. (Glow-discharge lamps to be modulated.)
References on Noble Gases
Alterthum, H., A. Lompe and R. Seeliger: Die Aufzehrung von Edelgasen in der elektrischen Entladung. Z. techn. Phys. vol. 17 (1936) pp. 407–412, No. 11 — Phys. vol. 27 (1936) pp. 833-838.
Baxter, G. P., and H. W. Sharkweather: The Density and Atomic Weight of He. Proc. Amer. Nat. Acad. Sci. vol. 11 (1925) pp. 231–234.
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Colli, L., and V. Facchini: Discharge Mechanism in Ar Counters. Phys. Rev. vol. 88 (Dec. 1, 1952) p. 987.
Espe, W., and P. Fritsch: DRP. 554516/27/32. (Electrically-controlled gas valve with Hg.)
Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, vol. 5, Abt. III. 1915. (Platinum.)
Hollemann, H. C. A.: The Manufacture of Rare Gases. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 4 (1939) pp. 128–135, No. 5. (Ar, Ne, He, Kr, Xe, D 2 and N2 obtained from air. Apparatus for liquefaction of air, and for rectification of the gas mixtures.)
Hollemann, H. C. A.: Measurements in the Philips Rare Gas Plant. Philips Techn. Rev. vol. 5 (1940) pp. 88–91, No. 3. (Analysis of Ar-N mixtures by determination of spec. weight and vapor pressure.)
Iurriaanse, T.: The Influence of Gas Density and Temperature on the Normal Cathode Fall of a Gas Discharge in Rare Gases. Philips Res. Rep. vol. 1 (1945/46) p. 407.
Iurriaanse, T., F. M. Penning and J. A. H. Moubis: The Normal Cathode Fall for Mo and 2r in the Rare Gases. Philips Res. Rep. vol. 1 (1945/46) p. 225.
Johnson, E. O.: Controllable Gas Diode. Electronics vol. 4 (May 1951) p. 107. (He-filling.)
Johnson, E. O, and W. M. Webster: The Plasmatron, a Continuously Controllable Gas Discharge Developmental Tube. Proc. IRE. vol. 40 (June 1952) p. 645.
Johnson, F.M. G., and P. Larose: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. vol.49 (1927) p. 312. (Diffusion of O2 by Ag; no diffusion of noble gases.)
Karlik, B.: Die Grenzen der Nachweisbarkeit der schweren Edelgase in Helium. Wiener Anzeiger (1936) pp. 4–5, No. 1.
Klockmann, F.: Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, p. 623. Stuttgart: Chabazite 1922.
Köhler, W., and R. Rompe: Die elektrischen Leuchtröhren. Braunschweig 1933.
Kroll, W.: Argon-Gewinnung, Reinigung. Metallwirtsch. vol. 17 (1938) pp. 463–465, No. 17.
Künzel, V., and I. B. Slavik: Ventil für feine Regulierung der Drucke von Gasen. Z. techn. Phys. vol.16 (1935) p. 272. (Hg valve reduces discharge tube voltage changes to ±1%.)
Liempt, J. A. M. v.: Die Mikrogasanalyse von Argon-Stickstoff-Mischungen. Rec. Trav. chim. Pays-Bas vol. 56 (1937) pp. 310–314.
Long, E. and L. Meyer: A Note on the Adsorption of He on Glass. Phil. Mag. vol.44 (1953) p. 788.
Mathias, E., C. A. Crommelin and J. J. Meihiuzen: Krypton. Physica vol.4 (1937) p. 1200. (Critical density, heat of evaporation.)
Moran, R. P.: Purifying Argon for Filling Incandescent Lamps. J. Franklin Inst. vol.221 (1936) p. 575, No. 4. (Abstract from Industrial Gas, vol. 14, No. 6.)
Moser, H.: Phys. Z. vol.36 (1935) p. 154. (Ar filling of Hg Thermometers.)
Pécheaux, H.: Krypton lamps. Electrician vol. 119 (Aug. 1937) p. 180, No. 3089. (Abstract of the paper in Gen. Elect. Rev. below.)
Pécheux, H.: Versuche an elektrischen Glühlampen mit Kryptonfüllung. Rev. gén. Électr. vol. 42 (1937) pp. 131–136.
Penning, F. M., and J. H. A. Moubis: On the Normal Cathode Fall in Neon. Physica vol.15 (1949) p. 721.
Rabinowitsch, E.: Edelgase, in Abegg: Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, vol. IV 3, p. 1. Leipzig 1928.
Lord Rayleigh: Studies on the Passage of Helium at Ordinary Temperature Through Gasses, Crystals, and Organic Materials. Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. (A) vol. 156 (1936) pp. 350–357, No. 888.
Robinson, N. W.: Electronic Flash Tubes. Philips Tech. Rev. vol.16 (July 1954) p. 13. (Mullard flash tube, filled with Xe.)
Schröter, F.: Handbuch der Bildtelegraphie und des Fernsehens. Berlin 1932.
Seiler, K., and W. Berger: Die Bedeutung der schweren Edelgase für die Beleuchtungstechnik. Z. kompr. flüss. Gase vol. 34 (1939) pp. 13–16, No. 2/3, pp. 32-35.
Siedler, Ph.: Die Gewinnung und Verwendung der Edelgase. Angew. Chem. vol. 51 (1938) pp. 799–818, No. 46.
Tellmann, W.: Glas u. App. vol.13 (1932) p. 58. (Spectral examination of inert-gas luminous lamps.)
Van Voorhis, C. C., A. G. Shenstone and E. W. Pike: Purification of Inert Gas with Mischmetal. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.5 (1934) p. 367. (Ne, He; purification of He by chabazite.)
References on Non-Noble Gases
Archer, C. T.: The Thermal Conductivity and the Accomodation Coefficient of CO2. Phil. Mag. vol.19 (1935) p. 914.
Berger, H.: Gefahrenverhütung beim Umgang mit verdichtetem Sauerstoff. VDI-Z. vol.85 (1941) p. 419, No. 18.
Brüche, E.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.8 (1927) p. 12. (Pressure-reduction valve.)
Elzin, J. A.: Das Nachleuchten des Stickstoffs als Methode zur Kontrolle der Reinheit des zur Füllung der Glühlampen verwandten Gases. Z. Phys. vol.82 (1933) p. 620. (N2 Afterglow used for purity test of filling gas for incandescent lamps.)
Fehse, W.: Elektrische Öfen und Heizkörper aus Wolfram. Braunschweig 1928.
Gaede, W.: Ann. Phys. (4) vol.41 (1913) p. 302. (Electrolytic production of H2.)
Johnson, F. M. G., and P. Larose: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. vol.49 (1927) p. 312. (Diffusion of O 2 through Ag.)
Köhler, W., and R. Rompe: Die elektrischen Leuchtröhren. Braunschweig 1933.
Lax, E., and M. Pirani: in Geiger-Scheel: Handbuch der Physik, vol. 19, p. 351. 1929. (Illumination Techniques.)
Leybolds Nachf., E.: DRP. 417,275/23/25. (Needle-gas valve.)
Moser, L.: Reindarstellung von Gasen. Stuttgart 1920.
Pagel, H. A., and E. E. Frank: Purification of N 2 from O 2 by Cobalt Oxide. J. Amer. chem. Soc. vol. 63 (1941) pp. 1468–1469. Ref. Brauer: Chem. Zbl. vol. 112 (1941) II S. 2591, No. 21.
Pat.-Treuhand-Ges.: DRP. 486,515/28/29. (H 2 Gas Valve Made from Pd for Ne Tubes.)
Rast, W. L., and W. R. Ham: Diffusion of H 2 through Fe at temperatures between 780 and 90° C. Phys. Rev. (2) vol.51 (1937) p. 1015, No. 11. (Abstract.)
Shepherd, M., E. R. Weaver and S. F. Pickering: Preparation of Oxygen of High Purity. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand, vol. 22 (1939) pp. 301–306.
Skaupy, F., and others: DRP. 440,353/26/ 7. (N2 Generation from Azide in LuminousTubes.)
Smithells, C. J.: Permeability of Metals to H2 (Abstract). Nature (London) vol.139 (1937) p. 1113. (Rates of diffusion for Fe, Ni, Mo, Pt, Cu, A at 0°, 500° and 1000° C.)
Taylor, J. B.: A Convenient Method for Introducing O2 into Evacuated Systems. (Abstract.) Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.6 (1935) p. 243. (Tube filling of O 2 by a heated Ag tube.)
Whipple, G. A.: A High-Vacuum Leak Device. Proc. Phys. Soc. (2) vol.46 (1934) p. 281. (“Diffusion leak” with Hg.)
References on Vapors
Budgen, M. F.: Cadmium. London 1924.
Duffendack, O. S., R. A. Wolfe and F. Lederer: The Clean-up of Hg Vapour in Discharges Through H 2, He and N 2. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vcl. 31 (1941) pp. 174–176, No.
Eddy, G. A.: Sodium Lamps for Highway Lighting. Electr. Wld. vol. 107 (March 1937) pp. 1054–1057. (Fig. 5, p. 1056 View of lamp.)
Egerton, A. G.: Phil. Mag. vol.33 (1917) p. 33. (Cadmium vapor pressure.)
Ende, W.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.55 (1934) p. 853. (High-pressure quartz lamp with Hg-Ar filling and oxide cathode.)
Endler, H.: Starterlose Leuchtstofflampensysteme. ETZ. vol. 6 (April 1954) p. 119. (Survey.)
Ewest, H.: Fernsehen u. Tonfilm vol.3 (1932) p. 9. (Na lamp.)
Fonda, G. R., and A. H. Young: The A. C. Sodium-Vapour Lamp. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol.37 (1934) p. 331.
Gábor, D.: Die Quarzkadmiumlampe. Strahlentherapie vol.40 (1931) p. 717.
Gordon, N. T.: Operating Characteristics of Na-Vapour Lamps. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol.37 (1934) p. 338.
Heller, G.: The Mercury-Vapor Lamp HP 300. Philips Tech. Rev. vol.1 (1936) p. 129, No. 5. (20 atm. pressure.)
Iwanow, A. P.: Elektrische Lichtquellen. Gasentladungslampen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1955.
Kenty, C., and J. R. Cooper: A Study of the Effects of Gas Impurities in Fluorescent Lamps. Electrochem. Soc. vol. 87 (1945) pp. 397–411. (Small impurities of O 2, H 2 CO 2, CO, N 2 acetylene, ethylene, H 2 O vapor, and their reactions to the Hg filling.)
Kornfeld, G., and F. Müller-Skjold: Eine Quecksilberlampe mit sehr intensiver Resonanzstrahlung. Z. phys. Chem. Abt. B vol. 31 (1936) pp. 223–226, No. 3.
Krefft, H., and E. Summerer: Licht vol.4 (1934) p. 1. (Hg high-pressure lamps.)
Krefft, H.: Strahlungseigenschaften der Entladung in Quecksilberdampf. Techn. wiss. Abhandlungen aus dem Osram-Konzern vol. 4 (1936).
Larché, K., and M. Reger: Techn. Stand der Metalldampflampen für Allgemeinbeleuchtung. ETZ vol.58 (1937) p. 792, No. 29.
Lehmann, J.: Neue Natriumdampflampen. Helios vol. 43 (1937) pp. 3–4.
Liebig, R. G. M.: Zink und Cadmium. Leipzig 1913.
Linder, E.G., J. H. Coleman and E. G. Apgar: A High-Voltage, Cold-Cathode Rectifier. (Hg vapor, up to 30 KV inverse voltage,.4 mA, electron-trapping by combined electric and magnetic fields.)
Linder, J. A.: The Starting of Fluorescent Lamps. Electrochem. Soc. vol. 87 (1945) pp. 379–388. (Discussion of characteristics, incl. sterilamps.)
Marden, J. W., N. C. Beese and G. Meister: Cadmium-and Zinc-Vapor Lamps. Trans. Ilium. Engng. Soc. vol. 32 (1937) pp. 84–94.
Mulder, J. G. W., and H. L. van der Horst: A Controllable Rectifier Unit for 20,000 volts/18 amps. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 1 (1936) pp. 161–165, No. 6. (Relay valves DCG5/30 with hot cathode and Hg-vapor filling.)
Philips: Schweiz. Pat. 171,167/32/32. (Protective layer on glass against Na vapour contamination.)
Schad, Dr.: Die Verfärbung von Leuchtröhren nach längerer Betriebszeit. Helios vol.43 (1937) p. 114, No. 5.
Schouwstra, P., and G. Zecher: Tubular Luminescence Lamps. Philips Tech. Rev. vol.4 (1939) p. 337, No. 12. (Low-pressure Hg discharge with luminescent coating.)
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© 1959 Springer-Verlag OHG., Berlin Göttingen/Heidelberg
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Knoll, M. (1959). Gases and Vapors and Their Use in Vacuum Tubes. In: Materials and Processes of Electron Devices. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45936-8_9
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