Abstract
Glass is a supercooled liquid which does not form crystals upon solidification because of the rapid increase of the viscosity with decreasing temperature (amorphous and homogeneous solidification, see sec. 1.8 and Fig. 6/1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References on Manufacture, Composition and General Properties of Glass (Including Handbooks)
Bartsch, O.: Über die Schlagbiegefestigkeit von keramischen Massen und Gläsern und ihre Beziehungen zur Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit von Schamottemassen. Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol. 18 (1937) pp. 465–489, No. 11.
Bauer, F.: Der Einfluß der Schmelzdauer auf den Eisenoxydgehalt der Gläser. Glashütte vol. 65 (1935) pp. 308–309.
Beeton, E. E.: Immersion Cell for Polariscope Use. Glass Ind. vol. 19 (1938) pp. 51 to 53.
Berger, E.: Glastechn. Ber. vol.12 (1934) p. 172. (Determination of transformation temperature.)
Büssem, W., and W. Weyl: Über die Konstitution des Glases. Naturwiss. vol.24 (1936) p. 324, H. 21.
Cohn, W. M.: Expansion Measurements of Several Glasses by Means of a Self-Registering Apparatus. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 10 (1931) pp. 265–275.
Dale, A. E., and J. E. Stanworth: Sealing Glasses. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 29 (1948) pp. 77–91.
Day, R. K.: Glass Research Methods. Chicago 1953.
Douglas, R. W.: The Use of Glass in High Vacuum Apparatus. J. Sci. Instr. vol. 22 (1945) pp. 81–87.
Dralle-Keppeler: Die Glasfabrikation. Munich 1926.
Espe, W.: Werkstoffe d. Elektrotechnik in Tabellen und Diagrammen. Berlin 1954.
Espe, W., and J. Böhme: Glas als Werkstoff der Vakuumtechnik. Feinmechanik und Präzision vol. 45 (1937) pp. 57–60, No. 4; pp. 73-76, No. 5; pp. 101-104, No. 7; pp. 115-118, No. 8.
Fortey, J.: Projection Type of Strain Viewer. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol.29 (1945) pp. 124–127.
Gehlhoff, G.: Lehrbuch der technischen Physik. Vol. III. Die Physik der Stoffe. Leipzig 1928.
Hodkin, F. W., and A. Cottsen: A Textbook of Glass Technology. London: Constable 1929.
Jenckel, E.: Die Vorgänge bei der Abkühlung von Gläsern und Kunstharzen. Z. angew. Chem. vol.50 (1937) p. 614, No. 31.
Kohl, W. H.: Materials Technology for Electron Tubes. New York: Reinhold 1951.
Lillie, H. R.: Viscosity of Glass Between Strain Point and Melting Temperature. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 10 (1931) pp. 502–511; vol. 16 (1933) pp. 619-631.
Littleton, J. T., and G. W. Morey (Corning works and Carnegie Inst.): The Electric Properties of Glass. New York: Wiley (1933) p. 184. (Manufacture, composition and properties, el. conductivity, dielectric constant, diel, loss, diel, strength.)
Morey, G. W.: The Properties of Glass. New York: Reinhold 1938.
Partridge, J. H. (General Electric Co., Wembley): Resistant Glasses for Modern Electric Discharge Lamps. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol.19 (1935) pp. 266–278. (Suitable for inner envelopes of high pressure mercury and sodium lamps; softening temperature 900° C.)
Phillips, C. I. (Corning): Glass. Its History, Technology and Applications, p. 424. New York: Pitman 1941.
Read, W. T.: Optical Meas. of Residual Stress in Glass Bulbs. Bell Lab. Record vol. 28 (1950) pp. 62–65.
Sawai, I., and I. Kubo (Nn. Kyoto): The Softening of Glasses at High Temperatures. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 21 (1937) pp. 113–122.
Schmidt, R.: Neuere Entwicklung von Sondergläsern auf dem Gebiete der Lichttechnik. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 15 (1937) pp. 89–99, No. 3.
Scholes, S. R. (N. Y. State College of Ceramics): Modern glass practice, p. 289. Chicago: Ind. Publ. 1941.
Schulz, H.: Glas. Munich 1923.
Sharp, D. E., J. Bailley and I. Hyman: An Apparatus for Determining the Annealing Constants of Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 14 (1931) pp. 820–826, H. 10.
Späte, F.: Weiß-, Hohl-und Geräteglas. Leipzig 1931.
Späte, F., u. a.: Glastechn. Ber. vol.12 (1934) p. 34. (Temperature of transformation.)
Spencer, C. D., and S. Jones: Design and Construction of Polariscopes for Glass Factories. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. (1931) p. 512.
Stanworth, J. E.: Physical Properties of Glass. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1950.
Steiner, H. C.: Glass in Electronic Tubes. Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 24 (February 1945) No. 2.
Thiene, H.: Glas. Jena 1931.
Thomas, M.: Glastechn. Ber. vol.4 (1926/27) p. 323. (Annealing.)
Ullmann, F.: Enzyklopädie der technischen Chemie, 5. Aufl. Wien 1930.
Wartenberg, H. V.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.12 (1932) p. 429. (Temperature of transformation.)
Zunick, M. J., and J. B. Gosling: Glass Selection and Production Techniques for X-ray and Other Tubes. Glass Ind. vol. 32 (1951) pp. 117–120.
References on Physical and Chemical Properties of Glass
Alpert, D., and Buroitz, R. S.: J. Appl. Phys. vol.25 (1954) p. 202.
Anderson, S.: Investigation of Structure of Glasses by Their Infrared Reflection Spectra. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 33 (1950) pp. 45–51.
Austin, A. E.: X-ray Diffraction for Compounds in Systems Li 2 O-SiO 2 and BaO-SiO 2. J. Amer, ceram. Soc. vol. 30 (July 1947) No. 7.
Bair, J. G.: The Constitution of Lead Oxide-Silica Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol.19 (1936) p. 339.
Baker, T. C., and F. W. Preston: The Effect of Water on the Strength of Glass. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 17 (1946) pp. 179–188.
Baldwin, C. F.: A Quantitative Glass Strain Analyzer. Gen. Elect. Rev. vol. 40 (1937) pp. 319–320. (Film polarizers with quartz wedge combination.)
Bartsch, Otto: Über die Schlagbiegefestigkeit von keramischen Massen und Gläsern und ihre Beziehungen zur Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit von Schamottemassen. Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol. 18 (1937) pp. 465–489, No. 11.
Bauer, F.: Der Einfluß der Schmelzdauer auf den Eisenoxydgehalt der Gläser. Glashütte vol. 65 (1935) pp. 309–319.
Barnes, B. T., E. Q. Adam and W. E. Forsythe (Gen. Elect. Co.): Total Emissivity of Various Materials. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol.30 (1940) p. 269 A. (Carbon, fused quartz, corex D, and nonex glass from 100–500° C.)
Barnes, B. T., W. E. Forsythe and E. Q. Adams: The Total Emissivity of Various Materials at 100 to 500° C. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 37 (1947) pp. 804–807.
Blau, H. H., and J. R. Johnson: Investigation of the Glass Structure Using Radioactive Tracers. Ohio State University Engineering Experiment Station News (December 1948); also: Glass Ind. vol.30 (1949) pp. 393-394.
Blodgett, K. B.: Surface Conductivity of Lead Silicate Glass after Hydrogen Treatment. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 34 (1951) pp. 14–27.
Bogodoritzky, N., and V. Malishew: Dielectric Losses in Glass. Techn. Phys. Ussr vol. 2 (1935) pp. 324–332, No. 4. (B 2 O 3 + K 2 O glasses and B 2 O 3 + Na 3 O, PbO and BaO glasses, SiO 2 + PbO glass; losses in glass possessing high ohmic resistivity change little at high as well as at low temperatures; frequency = 2 · 106, 50° C)
Bogorodickiy, N., and I. Friedberg: Dielectric Losses in Inorganic Glasses at Radio Frequencies. Techn. Phys. Ussr vol. 4 (1937) pp. 707–716, No. 4. (Tables and curves of loss angles and spec. resistance as a function of temperature for 30 different glasses.)
Bosch, R.: DRP. 555295/26/32.
Bradley, C. A., Jr.: Measurement of Surface Tension of Viscous Liquids. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., vol. 21 (October 1938) No. 10.
Burch, O. G.: Methods for Determining the Chemical Durability of Soda-Lime Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 15 (1936) pp. 175–181.
Büssem, W., and W. Weyl: Über die Konstitution des Glases. Naturwiss. vol.24 (1936) p. 324, H. 21.
Chirnside, R. C. (General Electric, Wembley): The Analysis of Some Glasses for Modern Electric Discharge Lamps. Trans. Soc. Glass. Technol. v. 19 (1935) pp. 279–295. (Glasses containing abnormally high proportions of aluminum and phosphorus.)
Cohn, W. M.: Expansion Measurements of Several Glasses by Means of a Self-Registering Apparatus. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 10 (1931) No. 4.
Condon, E. V.: Physics of the Glassy State; IV. Radiation-Sensitive Glasses. Amer. J. Phys. vol. 22 (May 1954) p. 310.
Corning Glass Works: Bulletin 844 — The Properties of Pyrex Resistant Glass No. 774.
Corning Glass Works: Properties of Selected Commercial Glasses.
Dale, A. E., and J. E. Stanworth: Sealing Glasses. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 29 (1948) pp. 77–91.
Dalton, R. H.: Extraction and Analysis of Gases from Glass. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. vol.57 (1935) p. 2150.
Dalton, R. H.: Gases in Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 16 (September 1933) No. 9.
Douglas, R. W., and R. L. Breadner (GEC): A Strain Viewer for Glass Articles. J. Sci. Instr., Lond. vol. 17 (1940) pp. 187–188. (Fig. 1, 2: Polaroid disc — diffusion screen — object — polaroid spectacles.)
Ende, W.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.15 (1934) p. 313. (UV-transmitting glass.)
Escher-Desrivières, J.: Die Durchlässigkeit der farblosen Gläser für die verschiedenen Spektralfarben. Verre et Silic. vol. 6 (1935) pp. 370–371 and 381-383.
Espe, W.: Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik in Tabellen und Diagrammen. Berlin 1954.
Espe, W., and J. Böhme: Glastechnik / Vakuumtechnik. Feinmechanik u. Präz. vol. 45 (1937) pp. 57–60, No. 4; pp. 73-76, No. 5; pp. 101-104, No. 7; pp. 115 to 118, No. 8.
Florence, J. M., C. C. Allshouse, F. W. Glaze and C. H. Hahner: Absorption of Near-Infrared Energy by Certain Glasses. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. vol. 45 (1950) pp. 121–128.
Florence, J. M., F. W. Glaze, G. H. Hahner und R. Stair: Transmittance of Near-Infrared Energy by Binary Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 31 (1948) pp. 328 t
Frerichs, R.: New Optical Glasses Transparent in the Infrared up to 12µ. Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. vol.25 (1950) p. 11 (E9).
Gage, H. P.: Thickness Control of Sharp Cut-Off Type of Glasses. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 35 (April 1945) pp. 276–282, No. 4.
Gallup, J.: Electrolysis Phenomena in Soft Glass Stems of Rectifier Tubes. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 29 (1946) pp. 277–281.
Gehlhoff, G., and M. Thomas: The Physical Properties of Glasses and Their Dependence on Composition. (In German.) Z. techn. Phys. vol. 7 (1926) pp. 260–278.
Gehlhoff, G., and A. Thomas: J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol.11 (1927) p. 347. (Shock resistance of glass.)
Gehlhoff, G.: Lehrbuch der technischen Physik. Bd. III. Die Physik der Stoffe. Leipzig 1928.
Gmelin: Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 8. Aufl. Vol. Edelgase. Berlin 1926. (Noble gases, diffusion through glass.)
Green, R. L., and K. B. Blodgett: Electrically Conducting Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 31 (1948) pp. 89–100.
Greene, C. H.: Note on the Transverse Strength of Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 15 (January 1932) No. 1.
Gregorious, J. S.: Modulus of Rupture and Thermal Shock Resistance at Elevated Temperatures. Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 15 (1936) pp. 271–273. (A 72 SiO 2, 13 Na 2 O, 11 CaO, 2.7 and.16 MgO glass.)
Guyer, E. M.: Mechanical Properties of Some Rolled and Polished Glass. J. Amer. ceram. Soc. vol. 13 (September 1930) No. 9.
Guyer, E. M.: The Electrical Behavior of Glass at Room Temperature. J. Amer. ceram. Soc. vol. 16 (December 1933) No. 12.
Guyer, E. M.: Electrical Glass. Proc. IRE vol. 32 (December 1944) No. 12.
Hampton, W. M.: The Thermal Endurance of Glass. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 20 (1936) pp. 461–474 (23 réf.).
Hampton, W. M.: Ilium. Eng., N. Y. vol.26 (1933) p. 48. (Opal glass.)
Hampton, W. M., and C. E. Gould: Some Implications of the Known Variation in the Strength of Glass. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 18 (1934) pp. 194–200. (1936) pp. 461-474. (23 ref.)
Hänlein, W., and M. Thomas: Untersuchungen über den Aggregationspunkt und Transformationspunkt von Gläsern durch Messung des elektrischen Widerstandes. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 12 (1934) pp. 109–116, H. 4.
Harrison, A. J.: Water Content and Infrared Transmission of Simple Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 30 (1947) No. 12.
Hertzrücken, S.: Die physikalischen Eigenschaften von Lithium-Beryllium-Borat-Glas “Getan”. Techn. Phys. Ussr vol. 3 (1936) pp. 336–349, No. 4.
Hicks, V.: X-ray Studies of Crystalline Substances in Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 19 (1936) pp. 148–152. (Detection of substances responsible for color, opalescence, opacity, and of selective molecular orientation in surface pieces.)
Jackson, W.: A Record of Recent Progress Towards the Correlation of the Chemical Composition, the Physical Constitution and the Electrical Properties, of Solid Dielectric Materials. J. Inst. Electr. Engrs. vol. 79 (1936) pp. 565–576. (Crystalline solids, amorphous solids, cond. glasses, rubber compounds, ceramic materials; 43 ref.)
Jenckel, E.: Die Vorgänge bei der Abkühlung von Gläsern und Kunstharzen. Angew-Chem. vol.50 (1937) p. 614, No. 31.
Keller, F.: Die dielektrischen Verluste von Gläsern in Abhängigkeit von der Glaszusammensetzung. Z. techn. Phys. vol.3 (1933) p. 14.
Kerten, H., and C. H. Dwight: Colorization of Glass by Soft X-rays. J. Phys. Chem. vol. 1 (1933) pp. 627–629.
Kiehl, H. R.: El. Conductivity of Glass. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 5 (1934). Part I: The formation of highly resistant layers, pp. 363–369; Part II: Current increase phenomena with highly resistant layers, pp. 370-373.
Kirby, P. L.: Electrical Conduction in Glass. Brit. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 1 (1950) pp. 193 to 202.
Klemm, A., and E. Berger: Glastechn. Ber. vol. 5 (1927/28) p. 405.
Knoll, M., Hook, H. O., and Stone, R. P.: Proc. I.R.E. vol.42 (1954) p. 1503.
Kuan-Han Sun and L. L. Sun: Neutron Absorbing and Transmitting Glasses. Glass Ind. vol. 31 (1950) pp. 507–515.
Kusunose, Y.: Puncture Damage Through the Glass Wall of a Transmitting Vacuum Tube. Inst. Radio Engng. vol. 15 (1927) pp. 431–437.
Laboratory for Insulation Research, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. Technical Report No. 10 (June 1948): Table of Dielectric Materials.
Lillie, H. R.: Precise Measurement of the Viscosities of Glasses at Temperatures Near Their Annealing Points. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 15 (August 1932) No. 8.
Lillie, H. R.: Viscosity Measurements in Molten Glass. J. Rheology vol. 3 (January 1932) No. 1.
Lillie, H. R.: Viscosity of Glass between the Strain Point and Melting Temperature. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 14 (1931) pp. 502–511.
Lillie, H. R.: Viscosity of Glass between the Strain Point and Melting Temperature. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 16 (1933) pp. 619–631, No. 12.
Lillie, H. R.: High Temperature Viscosities of Soda-Silica Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 22 (November 1939) No. 11.
Lindemann, C.F., and C. A. Lindemann: Z. Röntgenkde vol.13 (1911) p. 141.
Lindemann, C. L., and F. A. Lindemann: Phys. Z. vol.13 (1912) p. 104; German Patent 223654 (1908). (Lindemann-glass.)
Littleton, J. T.: The Physical Processes Occurring in the Melting and Cooling of Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 17 (March 1934) No. 3.
Littleton, J. T.: The Effect of Heat on the Physical Prop. of Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 15 (September 1936) No. 9.
Littleton, J. T.: Critical Temperatures in Silicate Glasses. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry vol. 25 (July 1933) p. 748.
Littleton, J. T.: A Method for Determining the Softening Temperature of Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 10 (April 1917) No. 4.
Littleton, J. T.: The Softening Point of Glass. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 24(1940 p. 176, No. 105.
Littleton, J. T., and G. W. Morey: Electrical Properties of Glass. London 1933.
Littleton, J. T., and H. C. Bates: Heat Transfer through Industrial Glass Tubing. Chem. Met. Engng. vol. 39 (June 1932) pp. 315–318.
Littleton, J. T., and E. H. Roberts: A Method for Determining the Annealing Temperature of Glass. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. IV (1920) pp. 224–229.
Littleton, J. T., and W. L. Wetmore: The Electrical Conductivity of Glass in the Annealing Zone as a Function of Time and Temperature. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 19 (September 1936) pp. 243–245, No. 9.
Loebe, W., and W. Ledig: Z. techn. Phys. vol.6 (1925) p. 325. (UV-transmission of glasses.)
Loffler, J.: Rare Earths and How They Are Used for Coloring and Decolorization of Glass. Glashütte vol.86 (1936) p. 63.
Lord Rayleigh: Proc. Roy. Soc. vol.156 (1936) p. 350.
Matossi, F., and H. Kruger: Infrared Reflection Spectrum of Silicates. (In German.) Z. Phys. vol. 99 (1936) pp. 1–3.
Matossi, F., and H. Blusche: Infrared Reflection Spectrum of Glasses. (In German.) Z. Phys. vol. 108 (1938) pp. 295–313.
McCormick, J. M.: Tests of the Strength of El. Lamp Bulbs with Special Reference to the Time Factor. Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 15 (1936) pp. 268–271.
McDowell, L. S., and H. L. Begeman: The Behavior of Glass as a Dielectric in Alternating Current Circuits. I: Relation of power factor and dielectric constant to conductivity. Phys. Rev. vol. 31 (1928) pp. 476–481.
Mengelkoch, K.: Temperaturabhängigkeit der Zerreißfestigkeit von Glasstäben. Z. Phys. vol.97 (1935) p. 46, 1. u. 2. Heft.
Metz, A.: Ein neues Dilatometer für die Untersuchung von Gläsern. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 16 (1938) pp. 19–20, H. 1. (Dilatometer.)
Meunier, P.: Contribution to the Study of Electrical Properties of Glass Used for the Construction of Electron Tubes. (In French.) Ann. Radioel. vol. 4 (1949) pp. 54–67.
Morey, G. W.: Glass as a Dielectric. J. Franklin Inst. vol. 219 (1935) pp. 315–320.
Morey, G. E., and B. E. Warren: Annealing of Pyrex Chemical Resistant Glass. Industr. Engng. Chem. vol. 27 (1935) pp. 966–971, No. 8.
Morey, G. W.: The Properties of Glass, p. 561. New York: Reinhold 1938.
Murphy, E. J., and S. O. Morgan: The Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materials. Bell Syst. Techn. J. vol. 16 (October 1937).
Murphy, E. J., and S. O. Morgan: The Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materials — II. Bell Syst. Tech. J. vol. 17 (October 1938).
Murphy, E. J., and S. O. Morgan: The Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materials — III. Bell Syst. Tech. J. vol. 18 (July 1939).
Mylius, F.: Silikat-Z. vol.1 (1913) p. 2.
Nordberg, M. E.: Properties of Some Vycor-Brand Glasses. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 27 (1944) pp. 299–305, No. 10.
Nordberg, M. E.: U. V. Transmitting Glasses for Mercury-Vapor Lamps. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 30 (1947) pp. 174–179.
Norton, F. J.: Permeation of Gases Through Solids. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 28 (1957) pp. 34–39.
Overbeck, C. J.: Low-Expansion Glass. J. Soc. Instr., Lond. vol. 17 (1940) pp. 13–14. (New Corning glass product, for practical purposes equal to fused quartz.)
Partridge, J. H.: Resistant Glasses for Modern Electric Discharge Lamps. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 19 (1935) pp. 266–278.
Peters, C. G., and C. H. Cragoe: Measurement of the Thermal Dilatation of Glass at High Temperatures. Bur. Stand. Sci. paper 393.
Peysson, J., Electrolysis Phenomena in Glass. (In French.) Ann. Radioel. vol. 3 (1948) pp. 107–114.
Phillips, C. J.: Glass as an Electrical Insulator. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 11 (March 1940) pp. 173–181, No. 3.
Pike, E. W.: The Electrolysis of Sodium Through “Pyrex” Glass. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.4 (1933) p. 687.
Preston, E.: Supercooled Silicates and Their Importance in Considerations of the Liquid State. Proc. Phys. Soc., Lond. vol. 53 (1941) pp. 568–584.
Preston, F. W.: The Mechanical Properties of Glass. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 13 (1942) pp. 623–634.
Randall, J. T., H. P. Rooksby and B. S. Cooper: The Diffraction of X-rays by Vitreous Solids and its Bearing on their Constitution. Nature vol.125 (1930) p. 458 (Supplement 3151).
Retzow, U.: Die Eigenschaften elektrischer Isoliermaterialien in graphischen Darstellungen. Berlin 1927.
Rindone, G. E., E. C. Marbee and W. A. Weyl: Oxidation and Reduction of Glasses by Electrolysis. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 30 (1947) pp. 314–319.
Ritter, H.: Begriff und Zusammensetzung des Glases und einige einfache chemische Hilfsmittel zur schnellen Glasuntersuchung. Glas und Apparat vol. 12 (1931) pp. 143 to 146, No. 18.
Rogers, T. H.: A High-Intensity Source of Long Wave Length X-Rays. Proc. IRE vol. 35 (1947) pp. 236–241.
Russ, A.: Sprechsaal vol.61 (1928) p. 908.
Sawi, I., and I. Kubo: The Softening of Glasses at High Temperatures. J. Soc. Glass. Tech. vol. 21 (1937) pp. 113–122, No. 83.
Schaefer, C., P. Matossi and K. Wirtz: Infrared Reflection Spectrum of Silicates. (In German.) Z. Phys. vol. 89 (1934) pp. 210–233.
Schmidt, R.: Neuere Entwicklung von Sondergläsern auf dem Gebiet der Lichttechnik. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 15 (1937) pp. 89–99, No. 3.
Schönborn, J.: Allgemeine Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Wärmefestigkeit der Glasmasse. Glastechn. Ber. vol.15 (1937) p. 57, 67-70.
Schwarz, R., and J. Halberstadt: Z. anorg. allg. Chem. vol.210 (1933) p. 286.
Seddon, E.: Bestimmung der Wärmefestigkeit des Glases. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 15 (1937) pp. 361–363, No. 9.
Sharp, D. E., J. Bailey and I. Hyman: An Apparatus for Determining the Annealing Constants of Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol.14 (1931) p. 820, No. 10.
Siemens & Halske: DRP. 391/232/21/24. (Tube base with drying agent.)
Siemens & Halske: DRP. 350/318/20/22. (Discharge tubes with double walls.)
Singer, G.: Absorption of X-Rays by Lead Glasses and Lead Barium Glasses. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. vol. 16 (1936) pp. 233–251. (Determination of the protection coefficient.)
Skanavi, I.: The Experimental Study of Dielectric Losses and Polarization in Glasses. Technical Phys. vol. 4 (1937) pp. 289–298, No. 4.
Smelt, J.: Glass for Modern Elec. Lamps and Radio Valves. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 2 (March 1937) pp. 87–93.
Smyth, C. N. (Kolster Brands, Ltd., London): The Implosion of Cathode-Ray Tubes. El. Communication vol. 18 (October 1939) pp. 133–134. (Photographs of shattering.)
Späte, F.: Anforderungen an die in der Elektroindustrie verwendeten Gläser. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 10 (1932) pp. 521–540, H. 10.
Stanworth, J. E.: Glass Manufacture for El. Lamps. The Development of Special Glasses for Mercury-Discharge Lamps. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 23 (1939) pp. 268–280.
Stanworth, J. E.: Physical Properties of Glass. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1950.
Stanworth, J. E.: Transmission of Bactericidal Radiation Through Glass. Nature vol.161 (1948) p. 856, No. 4100; vol. 165 (1950) pp. 724-725, No. 4201; also: J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 34 (1950) pp. 153-172.
Steiner, H. C.: Glass in Electron Tubes. Bulletin of Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 24 (Feb. 1945) No. 2.
Stevels, J. M.: Progress in the Theory of the Physical Properties of Glass. New York: Elswier Publishing Co., Inc. 1948.
Stevels, J. M.: Some Experiments and Theories on the Power Factor of Glasses as a Function of Their Composition. Philips Res. Rep. vol. 5 (February 1950) p. 1.
Stevels, J. M.: Quelques Nouveautés dans les Recherches sur le Verre. Verres et Réfractaires vol. 4 (Feb. 1950) pp. 3–9.
Stevels, J. M.: The Relation Between the Dielectric Losses and the Composition of Glass. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 34 (1950) pp. 80–100, 158.
Stockdale, G. F., and F. V. Tooley: Effect of Humid Conditions on Glass Surfaces Studied by Photographic and Transmission Techniques. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 33 (1950) pp. 11–16.
Stone, R. P.: Techniques for Maintaining. High Vacua; N. Y. Natl. Conf. Elect. Tube Techniques (Oct. 15, 1953).
Stong, D. E.: The Modulus of Elasticity of Glass: I. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 20 (January 1937) No. 1.
Stookey, S. D.: Photosensitive Glass. P. S. A. J. vol. 14 (July 1948) No. 7.
Stosharow, A. J., and W. A. Florinskaja: Das Entspannen von Glas bei tiefen Temperaturen. Optiko-mechan. Prom. (Ussr) vol. 6 (1936) pp. 10–11, No. 1.
Stott, V. H.: Viscosity Measurements with Glass. Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. vol. 108 (1925) pp. 154–171.
Sun, L. L., and Kuan Han Sun: X-ray Absorbing and Transmitting Glasses. Glass Ind. vol. 29 (1948) pp. 686–691.
Taylor, W. C.: A Report of Progress on Glass Durability Methods. Trans. Soc. Glass Technol. vol. 20 (1936).
Taylor, N. W., E. P. Mcnamara and J. Sherman: A Study of the Elastic-Viscous Properties of a Soda-Lime Silica Glass at Temperatures near the Transformation Point. J. Soc. Glass Technol. vol. 21 (1937) pp. 61–81, No. 83.
Thomas, M.: Glastechn. Ber. vol.4 (1926/27) p. 323. (Cooling of glass.)
Trost, A.: Über Radioaktivität von Gläsern. Z. Phys. vol. 100 (1936) pp. 549–552, No. 9-10.
Turner, W. E. S.: Analysis of Glasses, Refractory Materials and Silicate Slags. p. 96. Sheffield: Soc. Glass Technol. 1929.
Ungelenk, A.: Fortschr. Röntgenstr. vol.49 (1934) p. 166. (Rotating X-ray anode.)
Veith, H.: Simple Method for the Determination of the Water Film Adhering to Glass. (In German.) Z. phys. Chem. vol. 193 (1944) pp. 378–385.
Victoreen, J. A.: The Calculation of X-ray Mass-Absorption Coefficients. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 20 (1949) pp. 1141–1147.
Vieweg, R.: Elektrotechnische Isolierstoffe. Berlin: Springer 1937.
Von Hippel, A.: Electric Breakdown of Solid and Liquid Insulators. J. Appl. Phys. (1937) p. 815.
Warren, B. E., and J. Biscoe: Fourier Analysis of X-Ray Patterns of Soda-Silica Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 21 (1938) pp. 259–265.
Weigel, R. G.: Licht vol.4 (1934) p. 1, 13, 39. (Opaque glasses.)
Weyl, W. A.: Chemical Aspects of Some Mechanical Properties of Glass. Research vol. 2 (1948) pp. 50–61.
Weyl, W. A.: The Dielectric Properties of Glass and Their structural Interpretation. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 33 (1949) pp. 153, 220-238.
White, J. F., and W. B. Silverman: Some Studies on the Polarization of Glass. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 38 (1950) pp. 252–257.
Yager and Morgan: Surface Leakage of Pyrex Glass. J. Phys. Chem. vol.35 (1931) p. 2026.
Zachariasen, W. H.: The Atomic Arrangement in Glass. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. vol. 54 (1932) pp. 3841–3851.
Zschimmer, E.: Z. VDI vol.39 (1923) p. 960. (Thermal resistivity of glass.)
References on Quartz Glass and Quartzware
Baukloh and A. Hoffman: Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol.15 (1934) p. 424. (H 2-diffusion through ceramics and quartz.)
Berliner Quarz-Schmelze: Sonderprospekt VLK 3507. Berlin 1935. (Chem. properties.)
Besborodow, N. A., N. D. Sawjalow and F. A. Kurljankin: Der Einfluß der Rohstoffe auf die Kristallisation von Quarzglas. Feuerfeste Mater. vol. 4 (1936) pp. 638–649.
Braaten and G. F. Clark: Die Diffusion von Helium durch geschmolzene Kieselsäure. J. Amer. chem. Soc. vol. 57 (1935) pp. 2714–2717.
Brauer, G.: Über eine Reaktion von atomarem Quarz. Z. phys. Chem. vol.174 (1935) p. 435, H. 6.
Briggs, L. i.: J. Phys. Chem. vol.9 (1905) p. 617. (Water-film on quartz at 80% rel. humidity:.45 · 10−6 cm; at 99% rel. humidity: 2.7 · 10−6 cm (or 100 moleculelayers).
Dawihl, W. and W. Rix: Über die Festigkeitssteigerung von Quarzglas durch Temperaturerhöhung. Z. Phys. vol. 112 (1939) pp. 654–666, H. 11/12.
Dawihl, W., and W. Rix: Über die Temperaturabhängigkeit der mechanischen Festigkeit von Quarzglas. Z. techn. Phys. vol. 19 (1938) pp. 294–296.
Edwards, H. W.: The Evaporation of Quartz on Silver. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.8 (1937) p. 451.
Espe, W.: Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik in Tabellen und Diagrammen. Berlin 1954.
Gabor, D.: DRP 513448/31/33. (Metal foil-quartz sealing with an arc.)
Hanlein, W.: Ein Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Schmelzen und Ziehen von Rohren und Stäben aus Quarzglas und hochschmelzenden Gläsern. Z. techn. Phys. vol. 21 (1940) pp. 97–101, No. 5.
Hanlein, W.: Schmelzen und Verarbeiten von Quarzglas und ähnlichen hochschmelzenden Gläsern. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 18 (1940) pp. 308–314, H. 11.
Kluge, W.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.16 (1935) p. 184. (Alkali-photo cells.)
Krischer, O.: Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit korniger Stoffe. Z. VDI vol. 79 (1935) pp. 1315 to 1316, No. 43.
Kurljankin, F. A.: Thermische Eigenschaften von Erzeugnissen aus durchsichtigem Quarzglas. Keramik und Glas vol. 12 (1936) pp. 27–32, No. 2.
Kurljankin, F. A.: Der Einfluß von Zusätzen auf die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit von Quarzglas. Feuerfeste Mater. vol. 5 (1937) pp. 533–540, No. 8.
Law, H. B.: Formation of Insulating Layers by the Thermal Decomposition of Ethyl Silicate. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 20 (Dec. 1949) p. 958.
Moore, B., and R. Brown: Die Diffusion von Luft durch durchscheinende geschmolzene Kieselsäure. J. Soc. chem. Ind. vol. 58 (1939) pp. 142–146.
Moser: Messungen der wahren spezifischen Wärme von Silber, Nickel, β-Messing, Quarzkristall usw. Phys. Z. vol.37 (1936) p. 749, No. 21.
Parks, Ch. I.: Phil. Mag. vol.5 (1903) p. 617. (Thickness of water film on quartz at 150°C in saturated water vapors: 130μ.)
Silica Syndicate: DRP 241260/10/11. (Clear molten quartz.)
Singer, F.: Geschmolzener Quarz, in M. Pirani: Elektrothermie. Berlin 1930.
Skaupy, F., and G. Weissenberg: Neues Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gegenständen aus glasigem Quarz. Glastechn. Ber. vol. 15 (1937) pp. 306–308, No. 8.
Sosman, R. S.: Properties of Silica. New York 1927.
Volarovich, M. P., and A. A. Leontieva: Determination of the Viscosity of Quartz Within the Softening Range. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 20 (1936) pp. 139–143.
v. Wartenberg: Analyse von Quarzglas. Naturwiss. vol.30 (1942) p. 440, H. 28.
References on Ceramic Materials
Albers-Schönberg, E.: Hochfrequenz-Keramik. Berlin: Steinkopff 1939. (Including metallization processes.)
Albers-Schönberg, E.: Ferromagnetic Oxide Bodies, a Counterpart to the Ceramic Dielectrics. Ceram. Age vol. 56 (Oct. 1950) pp. 14–16, 41.
Albers-Schönberg, A.: Ein Fortschritt im Aufbau keramischer Dielektrika. ETZ vol.56 (1935) p. 226, No. 9.
Austin, J. B.: The Thermal Expansion of Some Refractory Oxides. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 10 (1931) pp. 795–810, No. 11.
ASTM Standards, part III B: Non-metallic Materials, pp. 92, 104. Philadelphia: Ceramic Products 1946.
Baier, O.: Elektronenröhren aus keramischen Werkstoffen. Fortschritte der Hochfrequenztechnik vol. 1 (1941) pp. 422–431 and 400-402.
Baukloh, W., and A. Hoffmann: Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol.15 (1934) p. 424.
Bigood, E. S., and G.H. Kent: Cataphoresis and Alundum Coatings. Transact. Electrochem. Soc. vol. 87 (1945) pp. 321–329.
Bogorodizky, N, and Malyschew: Arch. Elektrotechn. vol.28 (1934) p. 664. (El. resistivity of mica.)
Bültemann, A.: Dielectric Material. Berlin 1926.
Burnside, D. G.: Ceramic-Metal Seals of the W-Fe Type. R, C. A. Rev. vol. 15 (March 1954) p. 46.
Cambell, J. B.: Metals and Refractories Combined in High-Temperature Structural Parts. Mater. and Meth. vol. 31 (1950) pp. 59–63.
Curtis, C. E., and D. Laurie: Investigation of Various Properties of Stabilized Zirconia at Elevated Temperatures 1–3. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 33 (1950) pp. 198 to 207.
de Bretteville, A. P.: Oscillograph Study of Dielectric Properties of Barium Titanate. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 29 (1946) pp. 303–307.
Demuth, W.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.48 (1927) p. 1629. (Porcelain, Steatite.)
Dettmer, F.: Die Herstellung des Porzellans. Erfahrungen aus dem Betrieb (1938).
Donley, H.: Titanate and Strontium Titanate Resonators. R. C. A. Rev. vol. 9 (1948) pp. 218–228.
Donley, H.: Effect of Field Strength on Dielectric Properties of Barium Titanate. R. C. A. Rev. vol.8 (1947) p. 533.
Durand, M. A.: The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Magnesium Oxide. Physics vol. 7 (1936) pp. 297–298, No. 8.
Ebert, H., and C. Tingwaldt: Ausdehnungsmessungen bei Temperaturen bis 2000° C. Phys. Z. vol. 37 (1936) pp. 471–475, No. 13.
Eitel, W.: Aufbau und Zusammensetzung der technischen anorganischen Isolierstoffe. — R. Vieweg: Elektrotechnische Isolierstoffe (Springer 1937).
Espe, W.: Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik in Tabellen und Diagrammen. Berlin 1954.
Evans, H. J.: Method of Determining the Dielectric Constant and Power Factor of Ceramics at 100 Megacycles as a Function of Temperature. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol.32 (1949) p. 262.
Fairchild, C. O., and M. F. Peters: Characteristics of Pyrometric Cones. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 9 (1926) pp. 701–743.
Fischer, W.: Die elektrische Isolierung in der Wärme. Elektrotechn. Z. vol.58 (1937) p. 479, No. 18.
Gerdien, H.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.13 (1932) p. 586. (Sintered Al 2 O 3.)
Gimmelmann, J.: Ein keramischer Werkstoff kleiner Wärmeausdehnung. Helios vol. 41 (1935) pp. 920–922, No. 31.
Gleason, J. M.: Steatite for High-Frequency Insulation. J. Brit. Inst. Rad. Eng. vol. 6 (1946) pp. 20–32.
Handrek, H.: Neuartige Stromeinführungen in Vakuumgefäße. Z. techn. Phys. vol.15 (1934) p. 494.
Handrek, H.: Tabelle über keramische Werkstoffe. Elektrotechn. Z. vol. 58 (1937) pp. 475–477.
Hausner, H. H.: Metal Ceramics. A New Field of Powder Metallurgy. Proc. of the Fourth Annual Spring Meeting, Metal Powder Assoc. 420 Lexington Ave. New York 17, N.Y. (1950).
Hecht, H.: Lehrbuch der Keramik. Berlin 1930.
Howatt, G. M., R. G. Breckenridge and J. M. Brownlow: Fabrication of Thin Ceramic Sheets for Capacitors. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 30 (1947) pp. 237–241.
Ijdens, R. A.: Ceramics and Their Manufacture. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 10 (1949) pp. 205–213.
Javitz, A. E.: Ten New Magnetic Materials. El. Mfg. vol. 40 (1947) pp. 74–78, 194, 196.
Jobst, G., and F. Summer: Telefunkenröhre vol.1 (1934) p. 8 — Brit. Pat. 428165/ 33/35. (Screening of insulators.)
Johnson, J. R.: Radioactive Tracer Methods Applicable to Ceramic Research. Ceram. Bull. vol. 29 (1950) pp. 16–19.
Johnson, P. D.: Behavior of Refractory Oxides and Metals, Alone and in Combination in Vacuo at High Temperatures. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 33 (1950) pp. 168 to 171.
Junker, E.: Zur Kenntnis des Verhaltens des Titanoxydes beim Erhitzen und seines Verhaltens zu Fe 2 O 3, Na 2 O and MgO. Z. anorg. allg. Chem. vol. 228 (1936) pp. 97 to 111, No. 2.
Kawai, Noboru: Formation of Solid Solution between Some Ferrites. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., Japan vol.37 (1934) p. 4.
Kingery, W. D: Ceramic Fabrication Processes. 236 pages. New York: J. Wiley 1958.
Klemperer, H.: Heater-Cathode Insulation Performance. Electr. Engng. vol. 55 (1936) pp. 981–985.
Kobayashi, Akio, and Hino Hiroo: Effects of Firing Temperature on the Dielectric Properties of Barium Titanate Ceramics. J. Phys. Soc., Japan vol. 6 (1951) pp. 371 to 373, No. 5.
Koenig, J. H.: Ceramics for Engineering Applications. Mater. and Meth., Manual 62 vol. 32 (Sept. 1950) pp. 69–84.
Kohl, H.: Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol.13 (1932) p. 70 — Keram. Rdsch. vol.41 (1933) p. 75 — Arch. techn. Messen (ATM) vol.1 (1931) p. 96. (Sintered M 2 O 3.)
Landolt-Bornstein: Phys. Chem. Tabellen, 1221 (1912).
Liebisch, T., and H. Rubens: Preuß. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Ber. vol.8 (1921) p. 211.
Lindsay, E. W., and L. J. Berberich: Electrical Properties of Ceramics as Influenced by Temperature. Trans. Amer. Inst. electr. Eng. vol. 67 (1948) pp. 734–742.
Lübcke, E., and W. Schottky: Wiss. Veröff. Siemens-Konzern (1) vol.9 (1930) p. 390.
Mackay, G. M. J.: Int. Crit. Tables vol.6 (1929) p. 153. (Resistivity of oxides.)
Matthias, B. T., R. G. Breckenridge and D.W. Beaumont: Single Crystals of Barium Titanate. Phys. Rev. vol.72 (1947) p. 532.
Megaw, H. D.: Crystal Structure of BaTiO 3. Nature vol. 155 (1945) pp. 484–485.
Molthan, W.: Störeffekte durch Streuelektronen. Z. techn. Physik, voll. 14 (1933) p. 233.
Navias, L.: Compositions and Properties of Some High-Titania Ceramics. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 24 (1941) pp. 148–155.
Navias, L.: Extrusion of Refractory Oxide Insulators for Vacuum Tubes. J. Amer. ceram. Soc. vol. 15 (1932) pp. 234–251.
Navias, L.: Solid Reactions at 1000 to 1200° C Between MgO or BeO and Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn and Their Oxides. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 19 (1936) pp. 1–7. (Order of reactivity: Ni [least]; Fe, Cr, Mn [most]; less reaction with BeO than with MgO.)
Nelson, L. S., and G. P. Spindler: Sealing Glass to Sapphire. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.29 (1958).
Norton, F. H.: Refractories. New York: McGraw-Hill 1949.
Norton, F. I.: Organo-Silicon Films. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol. 47 (Aug. 1944) pp. 6–16. (Increase of el. surface leakage resistance of ceramic insulators at high humidity.)
Nukoyama, Shiro: Th e Thermal Conductivity of Glass, Chilled Glass, Quartz, Fused Quartz, Bakelite, India Rubber, Coal, Insolite, Porcelain, Slate, Granite and Marble. Trans. Soc. Mech. Eng., Japan vol. 2 (1936) pp. 344–345, No. 8.
Palumbo, T. R. (Ceramic Heater Cathode Co., Keyport, N.J.): Ceramic Heaters and Cathodes for Electron Tubes. Symposium on Thermionics held at New York Univ. (Jan./Feb. 1950).
Partridge, J. H.: Refractory Materials. Metal Ind. (London vol. 51 (1937) pp. 111 to 114. (Alumina, magnesia, zirconia, thoria, beryllia; shaping and thermal properties.)
Partridge, J. H., and J. R. Lait: The Manufacture of Refractory Carbides from Pure Oxides of High Melting Point. J. Soc. Glass Tech. vol. 20 (1936) pp. 200–217.
Patrick, W. L.: Fused Magnesia in the Konferrous Metal Industry. Met. Ind. London vol. 48 (1936) pp. 231–232. (Immersion heaters, metals and alloys of higher melting point; 10 ref.).
Pfeiffer, R.: Keramische Werkstoffe in der chem. Industrie, im Maschinen-und Behälterbau. Z. VDI vol. 81 (1937) pp. 1088–1090, No. 37.
Pirani, M., and H. SchöNborn: Z. techn. Phys. vol.9 (1925) p. 351. (Breakdown-temperatures of insulators.)
Pullen, N. D.: Oxide Films on Aluminum. Some of Their Physical Characteristics. Metal Ind., Lond. vol.54 (1939) pp. 327–329. (6 ref.)
Riddle, F. H.: Ceramic Spark Plug Insulators. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 32 (1949) pp. 333–346.
Riecke, R., and A. Ungewiss: Keramische und dielektrische Eigenschaften von ” Massen ausTiO 2, MgO-ZrO. Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol. 17 (1936) pp. 237–264, No.5.
Riecke, R.: Die Herstellung des Elektroporzellans. Elektrotechn. Z. vol.57 (1936) p. 469, H. 17.
Rigby, G. R.: The Application of Crystal Chemistry to Ceramic Materials. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc. vol. 48 (1949) pp. 1–67.
Roberts, S.: Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Barium Titanate. Phys. Rev. vol. 71 (1947) pp. 890–895.
Rousseau, E.: Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des Magnesiumoxyds bei hohen Temperaturen. Chim. et Ind. No. Special vol. 31 (1934) pp. 755–758.
Rooksby, H. P.: Compounds of Structural Type of Calcium Titanate. Nature vol. 155 (1945) pp. 484–485.
Rosenthal, E.: Porcelain and Other Ceramic Insulating Materials, 387 pages. London: Chapman and Hall 1944. (Vol. 1: Raw materials, mfg. processes, testing and characteristics.)
Roup, R. R.: Titania Dielectrics. Ceram. Bull. vol.29 (1950) pp. 160–163.
Rowland, D. H.: Porcelain for High-Voltage Insulators. Electr. Engng. vol. 55 (1936) pp. 618–626.
Ruff, O., and F. Ebert: Beiträge zur Keramik hochfeuerfester Stoffe I. Z. anorg. allg. Chem. vol.180 (1929) p. 40.
Russel, R., Jr., and L. J. Berberich: Low-Loss Ceramics. Electronics vol. 17 (1944) pp. 136–142, 338.
Russel, R., Jr., and W. G. Mohr: Characteristics of Zircon Porcelain. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 30 (1947) pp. 32–35.
Ryschkewitsch, R.: Neue Wege zur Eroberung hoher Temperaturen. Die Wärme vol. 60 (1937) pp. 467–471, No. 30.
Sato, T.: Eine Methode zur Verringerung der Porosität von aus Aluminiumoxyd hergestellten Schmelzrohren. Technol. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ. vol. 11 (1935) pp. 192 to 204, No. 4.
Sauermann, G.: Hochfeuerfeste Sonderbaustoffe. Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol. 18 (1937) pp. 74–87, Nr. 2.
Schwartzwalder, K.: Injection-Molding of Ceramic Materials. Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 28 (1949) pp. 459–461.
Shardlow, L. R.: A New Series of Insulators for Ultra-High-Frequency Tubes. RCA Rev. vol. 5 (1941) pp. 498–504, H. 4.
Shelton, G. R., A. S. Creamer and E. L. Bunting: Properties of Barium Magnesium Titanate Dielectrics. J. Amer. Ceram. J. vol. 31 (1948) pp. 205–212.
Singer, F.: Geschmolzener Quarz, in Pirani: Elektrothermie. Berlin 1930.
Snoek, J. L.: New Developments in Ferromagnetic Materials. New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1947.
Snoek, J. L.: Non-metallic Materials for High Frequencies. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 8 (1946) pp. 353–360.
Snyder, C. L., E. Albers-Schönberg and H. A. Goldsmith: Magnetic Ferrites, Core Materials for High Frequencies. El. Mfg. vol. 44 (Dec. 1949) pp. 86–91.
Sommerfeld, A.: Plastische Massen. Berlin 1934. (Rubber, ceramics, glass, asbestos.)
Sosman, R. B.: The Properties of Silica. New York: Reinhold Publ. Corp. 1927.
Soyck, W.: Keramische Dielektrika. Schweiz. Arch. angew. Wiss. Techn. vol. 2 (1936) pp. 159–167, No. 7.
Soyck, W.: Die chemischen und physikalischen Grundlagen der Hochfrequenzkeramik. Feinmech. u. Präz. vol.50 (1942) p. 225, H. 15/16.
Soyck, W.: Hochspannungskondensatoren für Hochfrequenz aus keramischen Werkstoffen. Elektrotechn. u. Masch.-Bau vol. 59 (1941) pp. 243–246, H. 29/30.
Steger, W.: Ausdehnungs-und Schwingungsmessungen an ungebrannten keramischen Massen. Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol. 19 (1938) pp. 2–22, No. 1.
Steger, W.: Beständigkeit und Schutz keramischer Werkstoffe im chemischen Apparatebau (1937).
Strutt, M. J. O.: Ferromagnetic Materials and Ferrites. Wireless Engr. vol. 27 (1950) pp. 277–284.
Takei, T.: Metallic Oxides as Ferromagnetic Materials. Electr. Engng. Soc. J., Japan vol.59 (1939) p. 6.
Thurnauer, H.: Ceramic Insulating Materials. Electr. Engng. vol. 59 (1940) pp. 451 to 459.
Thurnauer, H.: High-Frequency Insulation. Ceram. Bull. vol. 29 (1950) pp. 158 to 160.
Thurnauer, H.: Properties and Uses of Technical Ceramics. Mater. and Meth. vol. 26 (1947) pp. 87–92.
Thomas, Shakespeare, Cohen, Patten and Henri: Ceramic Materials for Synchrotron Vacuum Tubes. Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. Wash. meeting A5, p. 6 (April 1949).
Townsend, B., and F. R. Williams: Heat Insulation Developed for Every Purpose. Chem. and Metallurgical Eng. vol.39 (1932) p. 219.
Vieweg, R.: Elektrotechnische Isolierstoffe, Entwicklung, Gestaltung, Verwendung (Schmelzpunkte reiner Oxyde), p. 285. Berlin: Springer 1937.
Von Hippel, A., R. G. Breckenridge, F. C. Chesley and L. Isaza: High Dielectric Constant Ceramics. Industr. Engng. Chem. vol. 38 (1946) 1097–1109.
Von Hippel, A., and R. J. Maurer: Electric Breakdown of Glasses and Crystals as a Function of Temperature. Phys. Rev. vol. 59 (1941) pp. 820–823.
Wagner, E. R.: Electronics vol.7 (1934) p. 104 and 213. (Raw materials for tube manufacturing.)
Weber, H.: Die elektrischen Metallfadenglühlampen. Leipzig 1914.
Weicker, W., u. a.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.56 (1935) p. 915 and 937. (Properties of ceramics.)
Werner, K.: Sprechsaal vol. 63 (1930) pp. 537, 557, 581, 599, 619. (Resistivity of MgO and Al 2 O 3.)
Wilke, R.: Isolierstoffe der HF-Technik. Handbuch der Arbeitsverfahren.
Anon.: Richtlinien für die Bestimmung der thermischen Eigenschaften an besonders hergestellten Prüfkörpern. Ber. dtsch. keram. Ges. vol. 8 (1927) pp. 44–57.
References on Mica
ASTM Standards, part III-B: Non-metallic Materials. Philadelphia 1946. (Mica stampings, used in electronic devices and incandescent lamps, p. 154.)
Becker: Messung von Durchschlagsfeldstärken. Arch. Elektrotechn. vol.30 (1936) p. 419.
Bennett, W.: The Stopping Power of Mica for α-particles. Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. vol. 155 (1936) pp. 419–434.
Bogorodizky, N., and M. Malyschew: Arch. Elektrotechn. vol.8 (1934) p. 644. (Electrical conductivity of mica.)
British Electrical Research Association: World Power vol.11 (1929) p. 32. (Mechanical Data on Mica.)
Chowdbury, R. R.: Handbook of Mica. Brooklyn: Chemical Publ. Co. 1941.
Crossley, P. B.: Brit. Pat. 152780/19/20, DRP 378522/19/23. (Micalex.)
Donal, J. S., Jr.: Sealing Mica to Glass or Metal to Form a Vacuum-Tight Joint. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.13 (1942) p. 266.
Espe, W.: Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik in Tabellen und Diagrammen. Berlin 1954.
Fischer, W.: Elektrotechnische Isolierstoffe. Berlin: R. Vieweg (Springer) 1937.
Grundke, V., and L. Rohde: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.55 (1934) p. 1214. (Dielectric oss of glass, quartz and ceramic materials.)
Harris, E. J.: Gasket for Mica Windows. J. Sci. Instr. vol.26 (1949) p. 205.
Hidnert, P., and G. Dickson: Some Physical Properties of Mica (RP 1675). J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. vol. 35 (1945) pp. 353–509.
Heinrich, G. C.: Mica: A Review of Design Factors. Electrical Manufacturing (Dec. 1947) pp. 82-87.
Jackel, R. D.: Progress in Synthetic Mica. EL Mfg. vol.45 (1950) pp. 99–103, 190, 192.
Jobst, G., and F. Sommer: Telefunkenröhre vol.1 (1934) p. 8 — Brit. Pat. 428165/ 33/35. (Screaning of Isolators).
Karl, O.: DRP 506622/29/30. (Mica-springs.)
Kohl, W. H.: Materials Technology for Electron Tubes. New York 1951.
Labeyrie, J.: Vacuum-Tight Sealing of Glass and Mica. (In French.) J. Phys. Radium vol.11 (1950) p. 20.
LÜbcke, E., and Schottky: Wiss. Veröff. Siemens-Konzern (1) vol.9 (1930) p. 390. (Hg discharge amplifier.)
Mica Fabricators’ Assoc: Handbook on Fabricated Natural Mica. New York 1949. (Stewart N. Clarkson Associates, Inc.)
M. O. Valve Co.: Brit. Pat. 378994/31/32 — Brit. Pat. 389170/31/33. (Mica in Catkintubes.)
Olden, T. H.: A Thin Window Cathode Ray Tube for High Speed Printing with „Elektrofax“. RCA Rev. vol. 18 (Sept. 1957) p. 343 (Mica and Glass Electron Window).
Powell, R. W., and E. Griffiths: The Variation with Temperature of the Thermal Conductivity and the X-ray Structure of Some Micas. Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. (A) vol.163 (1937) p. 189.
Retzow, U.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.47 (1926) p. 409, 443. (Micalex.)
Robinson, E. Y.: Brit. Pat. 436606/34/35. (Mica springs for tube assemblies.)
Rhode, L., and W. Schlegelmilch: Electrotechn. Z. vol.54 (1933) p. 581. (Dielectric loss of glass, quartz, ceramic materials.)
Roy, R.: Decomposition and Resynthesis of the Micas. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. vol. 32 (1949) pp. 202–209.
Scholer, K.: Die Glimmerarten und ihre Eigenschaften. Feinmech. u. Präz. vol. 49 (1941) pp. 275, H. 22.
Schroder, K., and H. Schering: Die Isolierstoffe der Elektrotechnik. Berlin 1924. Elektrotechn. Z. vol.54 (1933) p. 541. (Mica.)
Schroeder, R.: Glimmer und Glimmerprodukte. Elektrotechn. Z. (1933) p. 541, H. 23.
Stager, H.: Elektrotechnische Isoliermaterialien. Stuttgart 1931.
Straimer, G.: Der Kondensator in der Fernmeldetechnik. Leipzig 1939.
Strong, J.: On Splitting Mica. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 6 (Aug. 1935) p. 243.
Symons, H., and M. Walker. J. Inst. Electr. Engr. vol.48 (1912) p. 674. (Mica.)
Walter, A. F., M. A. Gladkich and K. I. Martjuschoff: Dielektrische Verluste in Bor-Glasarten bei hohen Frequenzen. J. techn. Phys. vol. 10 (1940) pp. 1593–1603, No. 19.
Wilson: Electrician vol.54 (1904) p. 356. (Breakdown voltages of mica.)
Wu, C. S., C. L. Meaker and H. A. Glassford: Thin Window Counter with Special Mica-to-Glass-Seal. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 18 (1947) pp. 693–695.
Anon.: J. Inst. Electr. Engr. vol.68 (1930) p. 1313. (Mica.)
Anon.: AEG-Mitt. 1928, No. 12. (Micalex.)
References on Asbestos
ASTM Standards, Part III B: Nonmetallic Materials. Philadelphia 1946. Asbestos pp. 158, 162, 167 and 173.
Espe, W.: Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik in Tabellen und Diagrammen. Berlin 1954.
Fischer, W.: R. Vieweg/Springer (1937) p. 283.
Gröber, H.: Forsch. Ing.-Wes. (1911) Heft 104 — Z. VDI vol. 54 (1910) p. 1319.
Güntherschulze, A.: Handbuch der Physik, vol. 17. Berlin 1926 — Elektrische Gleichrichter und Ventile, 2. Aufl. Berlin 1929.
Hessenbruch, W. (Asbestos). Elektrotechn. Z. vol.60 (1939) p. 866.
Nüsselt, W.: Diss. München 1908 — Z. VDI vol.52 (1908) p. 906, 1003.
Popp, M.: Kautschuk vol.11 (1935) p. 60. (Asbestos for furnaces.)
Schöllmann, W.: Das Ganze der Asbestfabrikation, 3. Aufl. Berlin 1925.
Schürmann, E., and W. Esch: Kautschuk vol. 10 (1934) pp. 102, 104, 119. (Asbestos for furnaces.)
Schürmann, E., and W. Esch: Über die korrodierenden Einwirkungen von Asbest auf Nickel und dessen Legierungen. Mitt. dtsch. Mat.-Prüf.-Anst. vol. 26 (1935) pp. 109–114, No. 26.
Siemens, A.: Siemens-Z. vol.8 (1928) p. 316. (Rectifier gaskets.)
Siemens-Schuckert-Werke: DRP. 512976/27/30. (Asbestos in demountable rectifier gaskets.)
Sommerfeld, A.: Plastische Massen. Berlin 1934.
Stager, H.: Elektrotechnische Isoliermaterialien. Stuttgart 1931.
Ullmann, F.: Enzyklopädie der technischen Chemie, 5. Aufl. Wien 1930.
References on Silicon Carbide
Cage, J. M.: The Theory of the Immersion Mercury Arc Igniter. Gen Elect. Rev. vol.38 (Oct. 1935) p. 464.
Cobine, J. D.: Gaseous Conductors, p. 422. New York 1941.
Coblenz, W. W.: International Critical Tables 1929.
Dow, W. G., and W. H. Power: AIEE Trans, vol.54 (1935) p. 942.
Espe, W.: Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik in Tabellen und Diagrammen. Berlin 1954.
Kohl, W. H.: Materials Technology for Electron Tubes. New York: Reinhold 1951.
Mierdel, G.: Wiss. Veröff. Siemens-Konzern vol.15(part 2) (1936) p. 36.
Slepian, G., and L. R. Ludwig: A New Method for Initiating the Cathode of an Arc. Trans. Aiee vol. 52 (June 1933) pp. 464, 643, 693.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1959 Springer-Verlag OHG., Berlin Göttingen/Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Knoll, M. (1959). Glasses, Quartz and Ceramics, and Their Use in Tube Design. In: Materials and Processes of Electron Devices. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45936-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45936-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45938-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45936-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive