Abstract
The chief base metals used in vacuum tube production are Ni, Fe, Cu, and their alloys, and, to a smaller extent, Al, Be, and Ag
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References on Base Metals
General
Bedworth, R. E.: The Oxidation of Metals at High Temperatures. J. Inst. Met. vol.29 (1923) p. 576.
Donaldson, J. W.: Thermal Conductivities of Metals and Alloys. Metallurgia vol. 12/13 (March 1936) pp. 159–160. (NiCr-alloys, alloy and stainless steels, tool steels, cast irons.)
Fast, J. D.: Diffusion of Gases Through Metals. Philips Tech. Rev. vol.6 (1941) pp. 369–376, No. 12; vol.7 (1942) pp. 73-81, No. 3.
Schwarz, O.: Die technischen Werkstoffe. Leipzig 1932.
Smithells, C. J.: Gases in Metals. Metal Treat, vol.35 (1935) pp. 165–171.
Nickel
ASTM-Standards, Part IB: Non-ferrous Metals. Philadelphia 1946. (Nickel and Nickelbase alloys.)
Barnes, B. T.: Total Radiation from Polished and from Soot-Covered Nickel. Phys. Rev. vol. 34 (1929) pp. 1026–1030.
Baukloh, W.: Giesserei vol.22 (1935) p. 406. (The reduction of H 2 diffusion through iron by aluminizing.)
Baukloh, W., and U. F. Kayser: Z. Metallkde. vol.26 (1934) p. 159. (The transmission of H 2 by Ni, Fe, Cu, and alloys.)
Borchers, W.: Das Nickel. Halle 1917.
Briggs, T. H.: Carbonized Nickel for Radio Tubes. Metals and Alloys vol. 9 (1938) pp. 303–306.
Bryce, G.: The Vaporization of Nickel in Vacuo. J. Chem. Soc. (1936) pp. 1517–1518.
Bureau of Standards Circular No. 100: Nickel and its Alloys. Washington 1924.
Cardwell, A. B.: Photoelectric and Thermionic Properties of Ni. Phys. Rev. vol.76 (1949) p. 125.
Carpenter, L. G., and C.F. Stewart: Phil. Mag. vol.25 (1939) pp. 551–564. (Resistance of Ni to melted K.)
Chevenard, M. P.: Rev. Nickel 1932, p. 55. (Resistance of NiFe Alloy.)
Davies, R. M., and I. H. Thomas: Resistance and Temperature Variation of Nickel. Phil. Mag. vol. 22 (1936) pp. 687–688, 705, 712, No. 148.
Delmonte, J.: Wires for Radio Tubes. Wire and Wire Prod. vol. 13 (1938) pp. 9–14, 43-44.
Espe, W., and E. B. Steinberg: Aluminium-Clad Iron for Electron Tubes. Tele-Tech. vol.10 (1951) p. 28.
Euriger, G.: Z. Phys. vol.96 (1935) p. 37. (Diffusion of hydrogen through nickel.)
Fetz, E.: The Temperature of Recrystallization of nickel. Metals and Alloys vol. 8 (1937) pp. 339–344, No. 12. (Earlier studies, carbonyl-nickel, compressed powder, electrolytic nickel; Fig. 1: Diagram of re-crystallization; Fig. 2: Softening by annealing 100 hours at 200° C; references.)
Fox, G. W., and R. M. Bowie: A New Method for Determining of Thermionic Work Functions ϕ of Metals and Its Application to Nickel. Phys. Rev. vol. 44 (1933) pp. 345 to 348. (Sample heated by electron bombardment, emission data obtained as the specimen cools. Results: ϕ = 5.03 ±. 05 V; A = 1.38 · 103. A/cm2 degree2.)
Gen. Elec. Co.: DRP 332330/17/21. (Stem clamp base for electrodes.)
Hamprecht, G., and L. Schlecht: Metallwirtsch. vol.12 (1933) p. 281.
Harrison, E. P.: Phil. Mag. vol.7 (1904) p. 626. (Expansion-coefficient.)
Jordan, L., and W. H. Swanger: The Properties of Pure Nickel. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stds. vol. 5 (1930) pp. 1291–1307. (Vacuum-fused electrolytic nickel, purity 99.94%,. see Table 12.)
Kohl, W. H.: Materials Technology for Electron Tubes. New York: Reinhold 1951.
Kuhlewein, H.: Physik. Z. vol.31 (1930) p. 627. (Demagnetization temperature of wire alloys.)
Masing, G., and L. Koch: Z. Metallkde. vol.19 (1927) p. 278. (Effect of S on Ni.)
Merica, P. D.: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Nickel. (ASM) Metals Handbook 1936, pp. 1257-1262.
Michaelson, H. B.: Work Functions of the Elements. J. Appl. Phys. vol.21 (1950) p. 536.
Mudge, W.A.: Manganese-Nickel Alloys. Met. Prog, vol.29 (1936) p. 57, No. 4.
Owen, E. A., and E. L. Yates: X-ray Measurement of the Thermal Expansion of Pure Nickel. Phil. Mag. vol. 21 (1936) pp. 809–819, No. 142.
Ransley, C. E., and C. J. Smithells: Mechanical Properties of Ni Wires. J. Inst. Met., Lond. vol.49 (1932) p. 287.
Rocard, Y. A.: DRP. 539889/29/31. (NiCo for indirectly heated cathcdes.)
Rohn, W.: DRP. 558948/29/32. (NiBe, NiTi for vacuum tubes.)
Rohn, W.: Z. Metallkde. vol.24 (1932) p. 127. (Increase of creep limit of metals by prefiring.)
Schwarz, O.: Die technischen Werkstoffe. Leipzig 1932.
Starr, C. (Harvard University): An Improved Method for the Determination of Thermal Diffusivities. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 8 (1937) pp. 61–64. (Result: Thermal conductivity of nickel =.618 watts/cm° C.)
Sykes, W. P.: Trans. iAmer. Inst. Min. Metallurg. Engrs. vol.64 (1921) p. 780. (Tensile strength of Mo and Ni.)
Tamman, G.: Lehrbuch der Metallkunde. Leipzig 1932.
Van Dusen, M. S., and S. M. Shelton: J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stds. vol.12 (1934) p. 429. (Heat Conductivity.)
Wise, E. M.: The Platinum Metals: A Review of Their Properties and Uses. Electrochem. Soc. vol.97 (1959) pp. 57–64.
Wise, E. M.: Nickel in the Radio Industry. Proc. IRE vol. 25 (June 1937) pp. 714–752, No. 6.
Wise, E. M., and R. H. Schaefer: The Properties of Pure Ni. Metals and Alloys (Sept., Nov., Dec. 1942) pp. 424, 891 and 1067.
Worthing, A. G.: Spectral Fmissivity of Ta, Pt, Ni, and Au as a Function of Temperature, and the Melting Point of Ta. Phys. Rev. vol. 28 (July 1926) pp. 174–189.
Iron
ASTM-Standards, Part IA: Ferrous metals. Philadelphia 1946.
Austin, J. B.: Industr. Eng. Chem. vol.24 (1932) p. 1225. (Heat capacity data of iron.)
Austin, J. B. (II), and R. H. H. Pierce: The Linear Thermal Expansion and Alpha-Gamma Transformation Temperature of Pure Iron. J. Appl. Phys. vol.4 (1933) p. 409. (Carbonyl-iron.)
B.B.C. (Brown-Boveri & Cie.): BBC Nachr. vol.22 (1935) p. 27. (H 2 diffusion through water-cooled steel tubes.)
Borelius, G. U. S., and Lindblom: Ann. Phys. vol.82 (1927) p. 201. (Diffusion of hydrogen through metal.)
Brower, T. E., B. M. Larsen and W. E. Shenk: Critical Studies of a Modified Ledebur Method for Determination of Oxygen in Steel II. Iron and steel div. Aime vol. 113 (1934) pp. 74–78.
Bureau of Standards: Carbonyl Iron. J. Franklin. Inst. vol.221 (1936) p. 557, No. 4.
Busch, H.: Ann. Phys. vol.64 (1921) p. 404.
Chevenard, M. P.: Rev. Nickel (1932) p. 55. (Resistance of nickel-iron alloys.)
Cleaves, H. E., and J. G. Thompson: Preparation of Iron Oxide as a Source of High-Purity Iron. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stds. vol. 18 (Jan–June 1937) pp. 595–607, No. 5. (with references.)
Cole, R. A. L., and D. D. Dalzell: The Hydrogen-Filled Iron Wire Ballast lamp. Electr. Comm. vol. 18 (1939) pp. 115–119. (Summary of the theory developed by H. Busch) — Ann. Phys. vol. 64 (1921) p. 401; Fig. 1, p. 115. (Typical voltage-current characteristic.)
Cooper-Hewitt, P.: USA-Pat. 1007694 (1908). (Steel rectifier.)
Dällenbach, W.: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.55 (1934) p. 89. (Procedure for micro-analysis of gases from metal in mercury-iron rectifiers.)
Dällenbach, W., and E. Gebecke: Großgleichrichter ohne Vakuumpumpe (Steel tank mercury rectifier without vacuum pump). Elektrotechn. Z. vol. 57 (1936) pp. 937 to 940, No. 33.
Deck, W.: Die Aufzehrung von Gasen durch Eisenwände in Vakuum-Entladungsapparaten und ihre Bedeutung für die Lebensdauer der pumpenlosen Mutatoren. (The clean-up effect on gases of iron walls in vacuum tubes and its significance on the life of pump-less rectifiers.) Brown Boveri Rev. vol. 29 (1942) pp. 202–204, No. 8.
Fast, J. D.: Permeation of Gases through Metals. Philips Tech. Rev. vol. 6 (1931) pp. 365–376, No. 12; vol.7 (1942) pp. 74-81, No. 3.
Gehlhoff, G.: Lehrbuch der technischen Physik, Bd. III. Die Physik der Stoffe. Leipzig 1928.
Hamprecht, G., and L. Schlecht: Metallwirtsch. vol.12 (1933) p. 281. (Sintering carbonyl-nickel and nickel-iron.)
Hemsley, S. H.: Diffusion of Hydrogen Through the Walls of Mercury Rectifiers. Beama-J. vol. 41 (1937) pp. 74–76.
Issendorff, J. v.: Phys. Z. vol.29 (1928) p. 957. (Hg cathodes.)
Issendorff and H. Jungmichl: DRP 461320/26/28.
Kenyon, R. L.: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Iron. (ASM) Metals Handbook 1936, pp. 304-327.
Krais, P.: Werkstoffe. Leipzig 1921.
Kraus, A., and W. Mailey: Sealed-off Iron Rectifiers. U.S. Patent 1046081.
Lehmann, W.: Brit. Pat. 404283, 1931. (Cooling of rectifiers with iron walls without H-Ions.)
Lewkonja, G., and W. Baukloh: Z. Metallkde. vol.25 (1933) p. 309. (Diffusion of H 2 through Iron.)
Linn, A.: DRP 567471/30/33; DRP 585350/30/33.
Livingston, O. W., and W.J. Walker: Gas-filled Electronic Tubes. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol. 41 (1938) pp. 354–360, No. 8. (Iron bulbs for pool and ignitron tubes.)
Lubszynski, G.: Diss. Technische Hochschule Berlin 1933. (The screening effect of iron and copper.)
McMaster, L. L. Jr.: Power Tube Manufacturing Problems. Radio Engineering vol. 16 (1936) pp. 11–12. (Iron anodes.)
Messkin, W. S., and A. Kussman: Die ferromagnetischen Legierungen. Berlin 1932.
Mittasch, A.: Z. angew. Chem. vol.41 (1928) p. 832.
Mulder, G.W.: Philips Tech. Rev. vol.3 (1938) pp. 74–79, No. 3. (Barretters.)
Packard, D., and J. H. Hutchins: Sealed-off Ignitrons for Welding Control. Electr. Engr. vol. 56 (1937) pp. 37–40 and 66, No. 1. (Bulb made from stainless steel for preventing corrosion and hydrogen diffusion; hydrogen concentration in ordinary tap water — 10−7 moles/per liter. Fernico seals.)
Powell, R.W.: Proc. Phys. Soc., Lond. (5) vol.46 (1934) p. 659. (Thermal conductivity and resistance of iron.)
Powell, R.W.: Proc. Phys. Soc. vol.51 (1939) p. 410. (Thermal Conductivity) and p. 416 (el. resistivity).
Remscheid, E. J.: The Water-cooled Steel Tank Rectifier Corrosion Problem. Elect. Engrs. vol. 60 (1941) pp. 173–178. (Fig. 3 electrolytic corrosion.)
Ribbeck, F.: Z. Phys. vol.38 (1926) p. 725; vol. 39 (1926) p. 798. (Specific Resistance of Ni, Fe-Alloys.)
Schenkel, M.: DRP 372588/18/23. (Use of pure iron in discharge tubes.)
Schlecht, L., u. a.: Z. Electrochem. vol.37 (1931) p. 485. (Sintering of carbonyliron.)
Schwarz, O. (1): Die technischen Werkstoffe. Leipzig 1932.
Schwarzenbruch, H.A.: Ann. Phys. (5) vol.17 (1933) p. 385. (Nickel anodes in magnetic fields.)
Sibjeholm, G.: Untersuchung über die glühelektrische Emission des Eisens (Electron emission of iron). Ann. Phys. vol.10 (1931) p. 178.
Simon, H.: Herstellung von Glühelektroden, in Wien-Harms: Handbuch der Experimental-Physik vol. 13, Teil II. 1929.
Smithells, C. J., and C. E. Ransley: Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. vol.150 (1935) p. 172. (The diffusion of gases in metals.)
SSW (Siemens-Schuckert-Werke): DKP 589526/28/33. (Spray-ignition of mercury rectifiers with Fe envelopes.)
Tammann, G.: Lehrbuch der Metallkunde, 4. Aufl. Leipzig 1932.
Thompson, J. G., and H. E. Cleaves: A Summary of Information on the Preparation and Properties of Pure Iron. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand, vol. 16 (Jan–June 1936) pp. 105 to 130, No. 2 (with 72 references.)
Todd, H. C. (1): Radio Eng. vol. 12 (Sept. 1932) p. 18. (Svea iron for electrodes, physical data, working methods.)
Ullmann, F.: Enzyklopädie der technischen Chemie, 5. Aufl. Wien 1930.
Ungelenk, A.: Fortschr. Röntgenstr. vol.49 (1934) p. 166. (Rotating anodes of tungsten.)
Ungelenk and Wiehr J.: Z. VDI vol.74 (1930) p. 431. (X-ray tube construction.)
Van Brunt, Ch., and E. J. Reinscheid: Retarding Corrosion in the Water Systems of Power Rectifiers. Gen. Elect. Rev. vol. 39 (1936) pp. 128–130, No. 3. (Sodium di-chrornate as passivating agent improves the vacuum by preventing hydrogen diffusion through iron walls.)
Wendt, K.: Krupp Mh. vol.3 (1922) p. 133; vol. 6 (1925) p. 29. (Calorization of molten iron.)
Werkstoffhandbuch: Stahl u. Eisen. Düsseldorf 1927.
Copper
Anderson, P. A.: The WTork Function of Copper. Phys. Rev. vol. 76 (1949) pp. 388 to 390.
ASTM-Standards, Part IB: Non-ferrous Metals. Philadelphia 1946. (Copper and copper-base alloys.)
Borchers, W.: Das Kupfer. Halle a. S. 1915.
Boukloh, W. (3), and F. Kayser: Z. Metallkde. vol.26 (1934) p. 159. (H 2 permeability of Ni, Fe, Ca and alloys.)
Boumeester, H. G.: Development and Manufacture of Modern Transmitting Valves. Philips Tech. Rev. vol.2 (1937) pp. 115–121, No. 4.
Bureau of Standards: Copper. Circ. No. 73, Washington (1918) p. 103.
Coolidge, W. D.: J. Roentgen Soc. vol.15 (1921) p. 3787. (Casting of W-anticathodes in vacuo.)
Dalzell, R. C: Copper in Electronic Tubes. Electronics vol. 22 (April 1949) pp. 164 to 170.
Davis, E. A.: Creep and Relaxation of Oxygen-Free Copper. J. Appl. Mech. vol. 10 (1943) pp. A101–A105. (Up to 235° C.)
Ellis, W. C., F. L. Morgan and G. F. Sager: The Thermal Conductivities of Copper and Nickel and Some Alloys of Nickel. Rensselaer Polytechn. Inst. Bull. Eng. Sci. ser. No. 21 (1928).
Fischer, A.: Verdampfungskühlung von Senderöhren und HF-Generatoren. Siemens-Z. vol. 30 (1956) pp. 69–73.
Fick, J. B., H. D. Hagstrum and P. L. Hartman: The Bell System Techn. Journal vol. 25 (April 46) No. 2 pp. 167-348.
Fox, F. A.: Copper and Its Alloys. Machinery, Lond. vol. 52 (1938) pp. 39–43, No. 1331.
Fujumoto, U.: USA. Pat. 1621926/22/23. (Rotary anode X-ray tubes.)
Gehrts, A., and A. Semm: Naturwiss. vol.23 (1935) p. 587. (Transmitting tubes.)
Housekeeper, W. G. (1): The Art of Sealing Base Metals Through Glass. J. Aiee vol. 42 (1923) pp. 870–876. (Cu-glass seals.)
Housekeeper, W. G. (2): USA-Patent 1560690 (1923). (Cu-Anodes.)
Huth, E. F., G. m. b. H.: DRP 492046/15/30. (Exterior cooled copper anodes.)
Jenkins, W. D., and T. G. Digges: Creep of High-Purity Copper. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stds. (1950).
Karl, O.: DRP 516310/28/31. (Joining copper foil-ribbons to glass.)
Kohl, W. H.: Materials Technology for Electron Tubes. New York 1951.
Kruh, O.: DRP 424133/17/26. (Copper sheath for glass to metal seals.)
Miller, H. J.: Oxygen in Copper. Metal Treat, vol. 1 (1935) pp. 191–194) (with references).
Parker, E. R.: The Effect of Impurities on Some High-Temp. Properties of Cu. Trans. Amer. Soc. Met. vol.29 (1941).
Pfetscher, O.: Moderne Großleistungssenderöhren. Elektronische Rundschau, Heft 9 (Sept. 1956) pp. 237–241.
Picken, W. I.: Wireless section, chairman’s address. Inst. Electr. Eng. vol. 88 (1941) pp. 38–46, No. 1. (Abstract about development of transmitting valves. Fig. 1 to 13 transmitting tubes with water-or air-cooled Cu-ancdes.)
Philips Gloeilampen Fabricken (1): French Patent 764126, 1932. (Cu-sleeve for indirectly heated cathodes.)
Rassow, E., and L. Velde: Z. Metallkde. vol.12 (1920) p. 369. (Recrystallization diagram of copper.)
Richard, J. T.: Beryllium-Copper. Mater. and Meth. vol.31 (1950) Manual No. 58 pp. 70–90.
Röntgen, P., and F. Möller: Metallwirtsch. vol.13 (1934) p. 81, 97. (Solubility of gases in copper and aluminium.)
Schwarz, O. (1): Die technischen Werkstoffe. Leipzig 1932.
S. and H. (Siemens & Halske): DRP 404096/21/24. (Glass to copper seals.)
Skaupy, F.: Metallkeramik. Berlin 1930.
Smithells, C. J., and C. E. Ransley: Proc. Roy. Soc., Lond. vol.150 (1935) p. 172. (Diffusion of gases through metals.)
Stauffer, R. A., K. Fox and W. O. Di Pietro: Vacuum Melting and Casting of Copper. Ind. and Eng. Chem. vol. 40 (1948) pp. 820–825.
Tafel, V.: Lehrbuch der Metallhüttenkunde. 2 Bde. Leipzig 1927 u. 1929.
M. O. Valve Co.: Brit. Pat. 378994/31/32; 389170/31/33.
Anon.: The Vapour Pressure of Copper and Iron. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. vol.59 (1937) p. 1163.
Anon.: Production of Oxygen-free Electrolytic Copper. Metal Ind., Lond. vol.40 (June 1932) p. 617. (Abstract from Metallwirtschaft No. 5, 1932.)
Aluminum
Anderson, S.: Mechanism of Electrolytic Oxydization of Aluminum. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 15 (1944) pp. 477–480.
ASTM-Standards, Part IB: Non-Ferrous Metals. Philadelphia 1946. (Aluminium and aluminium-base alloys.)
Beesching, R.: The Structure of Aluminum, Chromium and Copper Films, Evaporated on Glass. Phil. Mag. vol. 22 (1936) pp. 938–950, No. 150.
Bohner, H.: Metall u. Erz vol.30 (1933) p. 334. (Manufacture of pure aluminum.)
Borchers, W.: Aluminium. Balle a. S. 1921.
Borries, B. v., and M. Knoll: Phys. Z. vol.35 (1935) p. 279.
Dana, W., C. S. Taylor and L. A. Willey: The Properties of High Purity Aluminum. Metals & Alloys vol. 9 (1938) pp. 189–192, No. 8.
Gentner, K., and W. Rollwagen: The Distribution of Energy-Absorption of Cathode Rays in Aluminum. Phys. Z. vol.37 (1936) pp. 214–215, No. 5.
Knoll, M., and B. v. Borries: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.11 (1930) p. 493.
Knoll, M.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.11 (1930) p. 491.
Knoll, M., H. Knoblauch and B. v. Borries: Elektrotechn. Z. vol.51 (1930) p.
Knoll, M., and B. v. Borries: Z. techn. Phys. vol.11 (1930) p. 111.
Krais, P.: Werkstoffe. Leipzig 1921.
Nichols, E. C. (Mount Wilson Obs.): A Non-Porous Aluminum Alloy for Vacuum-Chamber Castings. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 19 (1929) pp. 164–165. (Silicon-aluminum: 5% Si, 95% Al.)
Rassow, E., and L. Velde: Z. Metallkde. vol.13 (1921) p. 557. (Recrystallization diagram of Al.)
Regelsberger, F.: Aluminum, in Ullmann: Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry, 2. Aufl., vol. 1. 1928.
Röntgen, P., and F. Möller: Metallwirtsch. vol.13 (1934) p. 81, 97. (Solubility of gases in copper and aluminum.)
Smith, H. A.: Fatigue and Crystal Recovery in Aluminum. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 5 (1934) pp. 412–414. (Commercially pure Al for transmission cables.)
Strong, J. (Cal. Inst. Tech.): Evaporation Technique for Aluminum. Phys. Rev. vol.43 (1933) p. 498. (Dimensions of tungsten helix in evaporation.)
Taylor, C. S., and others: High-purity Aluminum. Metal Ind., Lond. vol. 53 (1938) pp. 247–249, No. 11.
Werkstoffhandbuch: Nichteisenmetalle. Berlin 1928.
Anon.: The Alfol System of Heat Insulation (AI as an insulating material). Metal Ind., Lond. vol. 40 (Feb. 1932) p. 205. (Foil-thickness about.0003 inches; 3 layers of foil = 1 inch of insulation thickness; used for baking furnaces.)
Indium
Kohlrausch, F.: Praktische Physik, vol. 2. Stuttgart: Teubner 1956.
Römpp, H.: Chemie-Lexikon, vol. 1. Stuttgart: Franckh 1952.
D’Ans, J., and E. Lax: Taschenbuch für Physiker und Chemiker. Berlin/Göttingen/ Heidelberg: Springer 1949.
Mellor, J. W.: Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, vol. 5 (1952) pp. 387–405, London: Longmans.
Gmelin: Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, vol. 37 (1936).
Silver
Bureau of Standards: Silver, Its Properties and Industrial Uses. Circular C 412, Washington 1937; J. Franklin Inst. vol.223 (1937) p. 104, No. 1.
Jonhson, F. M. G., and P. Larose: Amer. Chem. Soc. vol.49 (1927) p. 312. (Equation for diffusion of O 2 through Ag.)
Krais, P.: Werkstoffe. Leipzig 1921.
Laatsch, W.: Die Edelmetalle. Berlin 1925.
Taylor, J. B. (Gen. El. CO.): A Convenient Method for Introducing Oxygen Into Evacuated Systems. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol.6 (1935) p. 243A. (Silver tube 3 mm diameter, 5 mil walls, (heated in air at a length 3 cm) gives increase of pressure of 100 microns per minute for 500 cm3 bulb.)
Beryllium
Atlee, Z. J.: Gen. Elect. Rev. vol. 46 (April 1943) p. 233. (Beryllium windows.)
Beryllium Corporation of Pennsylvania (Reading, Pa.): Properties of Be.
Brush Beryllium Corp., Cleveland, Ohio: Properties of Pure, Vacuum-Melted Be.
Brackney, H., and Z. J. Attlee (Gen. El. Co., Chicago): Beryllium Windows for Permanently Evacuated X-ray Tubes. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 14 (1943) pp. 59–63. (Fig. 1: X-ray transmission of windows used in diffraction tubes; Fig. 2: X-ray transmission of beryllium and Lindemann glass for the K 1 radiations commonly used in diffraction work; Fig. 6: X-ray-transmission through.010″ Be; Be window for sealed-off tubes is silver-soldered to a small ring, which is brazed to a Fernico or kovar sleeve, sealed in a hard-glass envelope.)
Clausen, G. E., and Skehan, J. W.: Malleable Beryllium. Metals & Alloys vol.15 (April 1942) p. 599. (Obtained by addition of.5% Ti or Zr as reducing agents; hot-rolling in nickel envelopes.)
Crane, H. R. (Univ. Michigan): Note on Making Beryllium Targets. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 9 (Dec. 1938) p. 428 (A). (Soldering of a Be-block onto a backing piece with ammonium chloride and wire solder, for cyclotron targets.)
Folsom, T. R., and G. Ferlazzo (Memorial Hospital, N. Y. C): Aaas meeting, Dec. 28, 1936. (Evaporation of Be-flakes for films of 10−4 to 10−3 cm thickness.)
Gmelin: Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, 8. Aufl., vol. Beryllium. Berlin 1930.
Güntherschulze, A.: Z. Phys. vol.36 (1926) p. 563; vol. 37 (1926) p. 868; vol. 38 (1926) p. 575; vol. 62 (1930) p. 607; vol. 71 (1931) p. 279. (Cathode poisoning.)
Hasterlik, R. J.: Beryllium Poisoning. Physics Today vol. 2 (June 1949) p. 14. (25 micrograms per cubic meter causes disease; disease may be delayed for 5 years.)
Hausser, K. W., A. Bardehle and G. Heisen: Fortschr. Röntgenstr. vol.35 (1926) p. 643. (Beryllium X-ray window.)
Illig, K.: Wiss. Veröff. Siemens-Konzern vol. 8 (1929) Heft 1, p. 75. (Technology of beryllium.)
Jacobs, R. B. (Harvard): X-ray Diffraction of Substances Under High Pressures. Phys. Rev. vol. 53 (Sept. 1938) pp. 325–331. (Be window up to 5000 ohm.)
Klug, H. P. (Univ. Minnesota): Beryllium Window for X-ray Tubes. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 12 (1941) pp. 155–156. (Demountable tube, description of grinding to.008″ thickness.)
Kroll, W.: Metallwirtsch. vol.13 (1934) p. 725
Kroll, W.: The Reduction of Beryllium Oxide. Z. anorg. allg. Chem. vol.240 (1939) p. 331.
Kroll, W.: Is Beryllium Ductile? Metals and Alloys vol. 8 (1937) pp. 349–353, No. 12.
Machlett, R. R.: An Improved X-ray Tube for Diffraction Analysis. J. Appl. Phys. vol.13 (1942) p. 398. (Be-windows.)
Owen, E. A., and T. LL. Richards: On the Thermal Expansion of Beryllium. Phil. Mag. vol. 22 (1936) pp. 304–311, No. 146.
Powell, R. W.: The Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Be. Phil. Mag. vol.44 (1953) p. 645.
Rogers, T. H.: High-Intensity Radiation from Beryllium-Window X-ray Tubes. Radiology vol.48 (1947) p. 594. (Flat [40 degree] and dome [180 degree] windows.)
Rogers, T. H.: A High-Intensity Source of Long Wavelength X-rays. Proc. IRE vol.35 (1947) p. 236. (Domed Be-window tube 50 KV, 50 mA for processing of materials.)
Sawyer, C.B.: Yale Sci. Mag. vol.16 (1941) p. 11. (Hot-rolling process of Be.)
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Siemens-Reiniger Werke: DRP 473930/25/29. (Hollow X-ray tube anticathode made from W-Cu with Be-window.)
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Mercury
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Alkali Metals, Alkali Earths, Incl. Alloys
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Knoll, M. (1959). Base Metals. In: Materials and Processes of Electron Devices. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45936-8_5
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