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The Lower Extremity: Congenital and Developmental Conditions

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Abstract

This chapter first discusses normal variants in the knee and lower leg, covering topics such as distal femoral epiphyseal ossification variants, benign cortical defects, cortical desmoids, tibial tuberosity development, and growth recovery lines. Variants of the fabella, patella, and patellofemoral articulation are discussed, as well as both congenital and developmental patellar instability. The chapter then presents congenital limb anomalies such as femoral bifurcation and duplication, longitudinal deficiency of the tibia, and longitudinal deficiency of the fibula. Bowing and alignment disorders follow, with sections on various forms of tibial and fibular bowing, and knee dislocation and hyperextension. Discussion of aberrant alignment includes physiological bowing, infantile tibia vara, rickets, genu valgum, and long bone rotational abnormalities. The chapter concludes with a discussion of leg-length discrepancy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Imaging, Primary Children’s Hospital, 100 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA

    Jeffrey S. Prince MD

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  1. Jeffrey S. Prince MD
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Correspondence to Jeffrey S. Prince MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Medical Center and UC Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, California, USA

    Rebecca Stein-Wexler

  2. Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Medical Center and UC Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, California, USA

    Sandra L. Wootton-Gorges

  3. Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA

    M.B. Ozonoff

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Prince, J.S. (2015). The Lower Extremity: Congenital and Developmental Conditions. In: Stein-Wexler, R., Wootton-Gorges, S., Ozonoff, M. (eds) Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45381-6_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45381-6_13

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