Abstract
Self-help interventions include step-by-step instructions that enable an individual to carry out an established treatment protocol either independently (pure self-help) or with minimal professional support (guided self-help). Generally, self-help interventions provide information about a given disorder as well as tools for building skills. In contrast, support groups—including 12-step programs—are relatively unstructured, do not target the reduction of symptoms, and do not involve therapists. In this chapter, we review the literature related to self-help and support groups for eating disorders, selected substance use disorders, gambling disorder, sexual addiction, and compulsive shopping; identify and describe self-help programs and resources for these problems; and provide recommendations for research and treatment. Very little research has evaluated the effectiveness of support groups in reducing symptoms of these disorders, and no research exists of self-help for individuals with comorbid eating disorders and addictions. However, reasonably strong evidence suggests that cognitive behavioral self-help treatments reduce symptoms of recurrent binge eating and bulimia nervosa. Similarly, self-help interventions for substance use disorders and gambling disorder using motivational and cognitive behavioral approaches improve outcomes. There is some evidence that assessment alone, or with personalized feedback, may be beneficial for those with gambling disorder. Further research examining the utility of self-help for these disorders, as well as indications for the use of pure versus guided self-help, is needed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agras, W. S., Walsh, T., Fairburn, C. G., Wilson, G. T., & Kraemer, H. C. (2000). A multicenter comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 459–466.
Alcoholics Anonymous. (2013). Background and resources. Retrieved June 13, 2013, from http://www.aa.org/lang/en/subpage.cfm?page=230
Anorexics and Bulimics Anonymous. (2009). A quick reference for newcomers: 12 questions frequently asked about ABA. Retrieved August 12, 2013, from http://aba12steps.org/about/
Anorexics and Bulimics Anonymous. (2013). About. Retrieved August 11, 2013, from http://aba12steps.org/about/
Apodaca, T. R., & Miller, W. R. (2003). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of bibliotherapy for alcohol problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 289–304. doi:10.1002/jclp.10130.
Bishop, F. M. (1995). Rational-emotive behavior therapy and two self-help alternatives to the 12-Step model. In A. M. Washton (Ed.), Psychotherapy and substance abuse: A practitioner’s handbook (pp. 141–160). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Blankers, M., Koeter, M. W., & Schippers, G. M. (2011). Internet therapy versus internet self-help versus no treatment for problematic alcohol use: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 330–341. doi:10.1037/a0023498.
Book, S. W., Thomas, S. E., Dempsey, J. P., Randall, P. K., & Randall, C. L. (2009). Social anxiety impacts willingness to participate in addiction treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 474–476. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.011.
Browne, B. R. (1991). The selective adaptation of the Alcoholics Anonymous program by Gamblers Anonymous. Journal of Gambling Studies, 7, 187–206. doi:10.1007/BF01019873.
Carter, J. C., Olmsted, M. P., Kaplan, A. S., McCabe, R. E., Mills, J. S., & Aime, A. (2003). Self-help for bulimia nervosa: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 973–978. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.973.
Cooper, P. J. (1995). Bulimia nervosa and binge-eating: A guide to recovery. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press.
Cunningham, J. A., Hodgins, D. C., Toneatto, T., & Murphy, M. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of a personalized feedback intervention for problem gamblers. PLoS ONE, 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031586.
Cunningham, J. A., Hodgins, D. C., Toneatto, T., Rai, A., & Cordingley, J. (2009). Pilot study of a personalized feedback intervention for problem gamblers. Behavior Therapy, 40, 219–224. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.06.005.
Cunningham, J. A., Humphreys, K., Koski-Jannes, A., & Cordingley, J. (2005). Internet and paper self-help materials for problem drinking: Is there an additive effect? Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1517–1523. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.03.003.
Cunningham, J. A., Koski-Jannes, A., Wild, T., & Cordingley, J. (2002). Treating alcohol problems with self-help materials: A population study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 649–654.
Debtors Anonymous. (2011). The tools of Debtors Anonymous. Retrieved September 15, 2013, from http://www.debtorsanonymous.org/help/tools.htm
Division on Addiction. (2009). The brief addiction science information source: Your first step to change: Gambling. Retrieved August 11, 2013, from http://www.basisonline.org/selfhelp_tools.html
Eating Disorders Anonymous. (n.d.). Eating Disorders Anonymous. Retrieved January 18, 2014, from http://www.eatingdisordersanonymous.org/about.html
Fairburn, C. G. (1995). Overcoming binge eating. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Doll, H. A., O’Connor, M. E., Bohn, K., Hawker, D. M., …. Palmer, R. L. (2008). Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with eating disorders: A two-site trial with 60-week follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 311–319. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040608.
Fichter, M., Cebulla, M., Quadflieg, N., & Naab, S. (2008). Guided self-help for binge eating/purging anorexia nervosa before inpatient treatment. Psychotherapy Research, 18, 594–603. doi:10.1080/10503300802123252.
Gamblers Anonymous. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved January 18, 2014, from http://www.gamblersanonymous.org/ga/node/1
Grant, J. E., Donahue, C. B., Odlaug, B. L., Kim, S. W., Miller, M. J., & Petry, N. M. (2009). Imaginal desensitisation plus motivational interviewing for pathological gambling: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 266–267. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.062414.
GreySheeters Anonymous. (2010). Welcome to GreySheeters Anonymous. Retrieved August 11, 2013, from http://greysheet.org/cms/
Grover, M., Naumann, U., Mohammad-Dar, L., Glennon, D., Ringwood, S., Eisler, I., … Schmidt, U. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of an Internet-based cognitive-behavioural skills package for carers of people with anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 41, 2581–2591. doi:10.1017/S0033291711000766.
Halmi, K. A., Agras, W. S., Crow, S., Mitchell, J., Wilson, G. T., Bryson, S. W., & Kraemer, H. C. (2005). Predictors of treatment acceptance and completion in anorexia nervosa: Implications for future study designs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 776–781.
Hester, R. K., Delaney, H. D., & Campbell, W. (2011). ModerateDrinking.com and moderation management: Outcomes of a randomized clinical trial with non-dependent problem drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 215–224. doi:10.1037/a0022487.
Hodgins, D. C., Currie, S. R., & el-Guebaly, N. (2001). Motivational enhancement and self-help treatments for problem gambling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 50–57. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.1.50.
Hodgins, D. C., & Makarchuk, K. (1998). Becoming a winner: Defeating problem gambling. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Press.
Horvath, A., & Yeterian, J. (2012). Smart recovery: Self-empowering, science-based addiction recovery support. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 7, 102–117. doi:10.1080/1556035X.2012.705651.
Humphreys, K. (2004). Circles of recovery: Self-help organizations for addictions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Humphreys, K., Mankowski, E. S., Moos, R. H., & Finney, J. W. (1999). Do enhanced friendship networks and active coping mediate the effect of self-help groups on substance abuse? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 54–60. doi:10.1007/BF02895034.
Humphreys, K., & Moos, R. H. (2007). Encouraging posttreatment self-help group involvement to reduce demand for continuing care services: Two-year clinical and utilization outcomes. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 64–68. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00273.x.
Karim, R., & Chaudhri, P. (2012). Behavioral addictions: An overview. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44, 5–17.
Kazdin, A. E., & Blase, S. L. (2011). Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 21–37. doi:10.1177/1745691610393527.
Kelly, J. F. (2003). Self-help for substance-use disorders: History, effectiveness, knowledge gaps and research opportunities. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 639–663. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358%2803%2900053-9.
Kelly, J. F., & Hoeppner, B. B. (2013). Does alcoholics anonymous work differently for men and women? A moderated multiple-mediation analysis in a large clinical sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 130, 186–193. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.005.
Kelly, J. F., McKellar, J. D., & Moos, R. (2003). Major depression in patients with substance use disorders: Relationship to 12-Step self-help involvement and substance use outcomes. Addiction, 98, 499–508. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.t01-1-00294.x.
Kramer, J., Riper, H., Lemmers, L., Conijn, B., van Straten, A., & Smit, F. (2009). Television-supported self-help for problem drinkers: A randomized pragmatic trial. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 451–457. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.015.
LaBrie, R. A., Peller, A. J., LaPlante, D. A., Bernhard, B., Harper, A., Schrier, T., & Shaffer, H. J. (2012). A brief self-help toolkit intervention for gambling problems: A randomized multisite trial. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82, 278–289. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01157.x.
Laudet, A. B., Magura, S., Vogel, H. S., & Knight, E. L. (2003). Participation in 12-step-based fellowships among dually-diagnosed persons. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 21, 19–39. doi:10.1300/J020v21n02_02.
le Grange, D., & Lock, J. (2007). Treating bulimia in adolescents: A family-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Lembke, A., & Humphreys, K. (2012a). Moderation management: A mutual-help organization for problem drinkers who are not alcohol-dependent. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 7, 130–141. doi:10.1080/1556035X.2012.705657.
Lembke, A., & Humphreys, K. (2012b). What self-help organizations tell us about the syndrome model of addiction. In H. J. Shaffer (Ed.), APA addiction syndrome handbook, vol 2: Recovery, prevention, and other issues (pp. 157–168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lock, J., & le Grange, D. (2012). Treatment manual for anorexia nervosa: A family-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Magura, S. (2008). Effectiveness of dual focus mutual aid for co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders: A review and synthesis of the “double trouble” in recovery evaluation. Substance Use & Misuse, 43, 1904–1926. doi:10.1080/10826080802297005.
Masson, P. C., von Ranson, K. M., Wallace, L. M., & Safer, D. L. (2013). A randomized wait-list controlled pilot study of dialectical behaviour therapy guided self-help for binge eating disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 723–728. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.08.001.
Moderation Management. (n.d.). Moderation management. Retrieved January 18, 2014, from http://www.moderation.org/
Narcotics Anonymous. (1988). Narcotics anonymous (5th ed.). Chatsworth, CA: Narcotics Anonymous World Services.
Narcotics Anonymous. (2012). Resources for professionals. Retrieved June 13, 2013, from http://www.na.org/?ID=ResourcesforProfessionals-content
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2004, January). Clinical guideline 9: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=102235
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2011). National Clinical Practice Guideline 115: Alcohol use disorders diagnosis, assessment, and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. Retrieved June 13, 2013, from http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG115/Guidance
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2008). National Clinical practice guideline 51: Drug misuse psychosocial interventions. Retrieved June 10, 2013, from http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG51
Newman, M. G., Szkodny, L. E., Llera, S. J., & Przeworski, A. (2011). A review of technology-assisted self-help and minimal contact therapies for drug and alcohol abuse and smoking addiction: Is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy? Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 178–186. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.10.002.
Oei, T. P., & Gordon, L. M. (2008). Psychosocial factors related to gambling abstinence and relapse in members of Gamblers Anonymous. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24, 91–105. doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9071-7.
Overeaters Anonymous. (2013). Media/professionals. Retrieved June 13, 2013, from http://www.oa.org/mediaprofessionals/
Pagano, M. E., White, W. L., Kelly, J. F., Stout, R. L., & Tonigan, J. (2013). The 10-year course of Alcoholics Anonymous participation and long-term outcomes: A follow-up study of outpatient subjects in Project MATCH. Substance Abuse, 34, 51–59. doi:10.1080/08897077.2012.691450.
Petry, N. M. (2003). Patterns and correlates of gamblers anonymous attendance in pathological seeking professional treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1049–1062. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603%2802%2900233-2.
Petry, N. M., Ammerman, Y., Bohl, J., Doersch, A., Gay, H., Kadden, R., … Steinberg, K. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological gamblers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 555–567. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.555.
Project MATCH Research Group. (1997). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH Posttreatment drinking outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 7–29.
Rational Recovery. (2013). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved June 10, 2013, from https://rational.org/index.php?id=33
Riper, H., Kramer, J., Conijn, B., Smit, F., Schippers, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). Translating effective web-based self-help for problem drinking into the real world. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 1401–1408. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00970.x.
Riper, H., Kramer, J., Smit, F., Conijn, B., Schippers, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2008). Web-based self-help for problem drinkers: A pragmatic randomized trial. Addiction, 103, 218–227. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02063.x.
Russell-Mayhew, S., von Ranson, K. M., & Masson, P. C. (2010). How does Overeaters Anonymous help its members? A qualitative analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 18, 33–42. doi:10.1002/erv.966.
Schaub, M., Sullivan, R., Haug, S., & Stark, L. (2012). Web-based cognitive behavioral self-help intervention to reduce cocaine consumption in problematic cocaine users: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14, 47–60. doi:10.2196/jmir.2244.
Schmidt, E. (1996). Rational recovery: Finding an alternative for addiction treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 14, 47–57. doi:10.1300/J020V14N04_03.
Schmidt, E., Carns, A., & Chandler, C. (2001). Assessing the efficacy of rational recovery in the treatment of alcohol/drug dependency. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 19, 97–106. doi:10.1300/J020v19n01_07.
Schmidt, U., & Treasure, J. (1997). Clinician’s guide to getting better bit(e) by bit(e): A survival kit for sufferers of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorders. Hove, England: Psychology Press/Erlbaum.
Sex Addicts Anonymous. (2013). Our program of recovery. Retrieved August 11, 2013, from http://saa-recovery.org/OurProgram/
Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous. (2012). Is S.L.A.A. for me? Retrieved August 11, 2013, from http://www.slaafws.org/slaaforme
Sexaholics Anonymous. (2013). Sexaholics Anonymous. Retrieved August 11, 2013, from http://www.sa.org/
SMART Recovery. (2012). 2012 participant survey results. Retrieved June 10, 2013, from http://www.smartrecovery.org/
SMART Recovery. (2013). SMART recovery: Self-help for substance abuse and addictions. Retrieved June 13, 2013, from http://www.smartrecovery.org/
Steele, A. L., & Wade, T. D. (2008). A randomised trial investigating guided self-help to reduce perfectionism and its impact on bulimia nervosa: A pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1316–1323. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.006.
Stefano, S., Bacaltchuk, J., Blay, S., & Hay, P. (2006). Self-help treatments for disorders of recurrent binge eating: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 452–459. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00735.x.
Sysko, R., & Walsh, B. (2008). A critical evaluation of the efficacy of self-help interventions for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 97–112. doi:10.1002/eat.20475.
Tonigan, J., Book, S. W., Pagano, M. E., Randall, P. K., Smith, J. P., & Randall, C. L. (2010). 12-step therapy and women with and without social phobia: A study of the effectiveness of 12-step therapy to facilitate alcoholics anonymous engagement. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 28, 151–162. doi:10.1080/07347321003648596.
Tonigan, J., & Rice, S. L. (2010). Is it beneficial to have an alcoholics anonymous sponsor? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 397–403. doi:10.1037/a0019013.
Trimpey, J., Velten, E., & Dain, R. (1992). Rational recovery from addictions. In W. Dryden & L. K. Hill (Eds.), Innovations in rational-emotive therapy (pp. 253–271). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
von Ranson, K. M., Russell-Mayhew, S. K., & Masson, P. C. (2011). An exploratory study of eating disorder psychopathology among Overeaters Anonymous members. Eating & Weight Disorders, 16, 65–68.
von Ranson, K. M., Wallace, L. M., Holub, A., & Hodgins, D. C. (2013). Eating disorders, substance use disorders, and impulsiveness among disordered gamblers in a community sample. European Eating Disorders Review, 21, 148–154. doi:10.1002/erv.2207.
von Ranson, K. M., Wallace, L. M., & Stevenson, A. (2013). Psychotherapies provided for eating disorders by community clinicians: Infrequent use of evidence-based treatment. Psychotherapy Research, 23, 333–343. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.735377.
Wasson, D. H., & Jackson, M. (2004). An analysis of the role of Overeaters Anonymous in women’s recovery from bulimia nervosa. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 12, 337–356. doi:10.1080/10640260490521442.
Williams, C. J., Aubin, S. D., Cottrell, D., & Harkin, P. J. R. (1998). Overcoming bulimia: A self-help package. Leeds: University of Leeds Press.
Wilson, G. T. (2010). Eating disorders, obesity and addiction. European Eating Disorders Review, 18, 341–351. doi:10.1002/erv.1048.
Wilson, G. T., & Zandberg, L. J. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral guided self-help for eating disorders: Effectiveness and scalability. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 343–357. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.03.001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
von Ranson, K.M., Farstad, S.M. (2014). Self-Help Approaches in the Treatment of Eating Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, and Addictions. In: Brewerton, T., Baker Dennis, A. (eds) Eating Disorders, Addictions and Substance Use Disorders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45377-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45378-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)