Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction pp 407–417Cite as

ACL Two-Stage Revision Surgery: Practical Guide

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2746 Accesses

Abstract

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has become an increasingly common orthopedic procedure. Around 200,000 ACL ruptures per year occur in the United States [16, 17]. The overall incidence has been reported between 36.9 and 60.9 per 100,000 persons per year [12, 34]. Considering surgical treatment, it is estimated that more than 100,000 ACL repairs are performed annually in the United States [5], 34,000 ACL repairs are performed in France [46], and approximately 50,000 ACL reconstructions have been reported in the United Kingdom [41]. This condition thus represents a heavy economic burden with major societal impact. With a success rate for primary reconstruction ranging from 75 to around 90 % [47], one must consider that surgery for revision of ACL repair has become a frequent procedure for a knee-dedicated surgeon. Nevertheless, it should not be forgotten that this procedure presents a continuous challenge to knee surgeons in most cases. This is mainly due to a multiplicity of problems that might arise, thus dictating failure of ACL repair [36] and leading to patient- and problem-related treatment options [48].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Aglietti P, Buzzi R, Giron F, Simeone AJ, Zaccherotti G (1997) Arthroscopic-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the central third patellar tendon. A 5-8-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 5:138–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bach BR Jr (2003) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Arthroscopy 19(Suppl 1):14–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bohensky MA, deSteiger R, Kondogiannis C, Sundararajan V, Andrianopoulos N, Bucknill A et al (2013) Adverse outcomes associated with elective knee arthroscopy: a population-based cohort study. Arthroscopy 29:716–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Burchardt H (1987) Biology of bone transplantation. Orthop Clin North Am 18:187–196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chadwick CC, Rogowski J, Joyce BT (2008) The economics of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In: Prodromos C, Brown C, Fu FH, Georgoulis AD, Gobbi A, Howell SM et al (eds) The anterior cruciate ligament: reconstruction and basic science. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 79–83

    Google Scholar 

  6. Csizy M, Friederich NF (2002) Bore canal site in surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Position–placement errors–anatomic measurement. Orthopade 31:741–750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dargel J, Gotter M, Mader K, Pennig D, Koebke J, Schmidt-Wiethoff R (2007) Biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament and implications for surgical reconstruction. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2:1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fare S, Torricelli P, Giavaresi G, Bertoldi S, Alessandrino A, Villa T et al (2013) In vitro study on silk fibroin textile structure for anterior cruciate ligament regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 33:3601–3608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fasolis M, Boffano P, Ramieri G (2012) Morbidity associated with anterior iliac crest bone graft. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 114:586–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Franceschi F, Papalia R, Del Buono A, Zampogna B, Diaz Balzani L, Maffulli N et al (2013) Two-stage procedure in anterior cruciate ligament revision surgery: a five-year follow-up prospective study. Int Orthop 37:1369–1374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fu FH, Bennett CH, Lattermann C, Ma CB (1999) Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Part 1: biology and biomechanics of reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 27:821–830

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gianotti SM, Marshall SW, Hume PA, Bunt L (2009) Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury and other knee ligament injuries: a national population-based study. J Sci Med Sport 12:622–627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gomoll AH, Bach BRJ (2006) Managing tunnel malposition and widening in revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Oper Tech Sports Med 14:36–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gorschewsky O, Klakow A, Putz A, Mahn H, Neumann W (2007) Clinical comparison of the autologous quadriceps tendon (BQT) and the autologous patella tendon (BPTB) for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15:1284–1292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Greene JW, Deshmukh AJ, Cushner FD (2013) Thromboembolic complications in arthroscopic surgery. Sports Med Arthrosc 21:69–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA, Bahr R, Beynnon BD, Demaio M et al (2006) Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, January 2005. Am J Sports Med 34:1512–1532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Griffith TB, Allen BJ, Levy BA, Stuart MJ, Dahm DL (2013) Outcomes of repeat revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 41:1296–1301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Groves C, Chandramohan M, Chew C, Subedi N (2013) Use of CT in the management of anterior cruciate ligament revision surgery. Clin Radiol 68(10):e552–e559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Harvey A, Thomas NP, Amis AA (2005) Fixation of the graft in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:593–603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Janicki P, Schmidmaier G (2011) What should be the characteristics of the ideal bone graft substitute? Combining scaffolds with growth factors and/or stem cells. Injury 42(Suppl 2):S77–81

    Google Scholar 

  21. Johnson DL, Swenson TM, Irrgang JJ, Fu FH, Harner CD (1996) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery: experience from Pittsburgh. Clin Orthop Relat Res 325:100–109

    Google Scholar 

  22. Joyce MJ (2005) Safety and FDA regulations for musculoskeletal allografts: perspective of an orthopaedic surgeon. Clin Orthop Relat Res 435:22–30

    Google Scholar 

  23. Khan SN, Cammisa FP Jr, Sandhu HS, Diwan AD, Girardi FP, Lane JM (2005) The biology of bone grafting. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 13:77–86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Killion JA, Kehoe S, Geever LM, Devine DM, Sheehan E, Boyd D et al (2013) Hydrogel/bioactive glass composites for bone regeneration applications: Synthesis and characterisation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 33:4203–4212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lin G, Cosimbescu L, Karin NJ, Tarasevich BJ (2012) Injectable and thermosensitive PLGA-g-PEG hydrogels containing hydroxyapatite: preparation, characterization and in vitro release behavior. Biomed Mater 7(2):024107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Magnussen RA, Taylor DC, Toth AP, Garrett WE (2012) ACL graft failure location differs between allografts and autografts. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 4:22

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mariscalco MW, Magnussen RA, Mehta D, Hewett TE, Flanigan DC, Kaeding CC (2013) Autograft versus nonirradiated allograft tissue for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. doi:10.1177/0363546513497566

  28. MTF (2005) Allograft safety and ethical considerations. Proceedings of the fourth symposium sponsored by the Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation. September 2003. Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. Clin Orthop Relat Res 435:2–117

    Google Scholar 

  29. Musahl V, Plakseychuk A, VanScyoc A, Sasaki T, Debski RE, McMahon PJ et al (2005) Varying femoral tunnels between the anatomical footprint and isometric positions: effect on kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee. Am J Sports Med 33:712–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Oetgen ME, Smart LR, Medvecky MJ (2008) A novel technique for arthroscopically assisted femoral bone tunnel grafting in two-stage ACL revision. Orthopedics 31:16–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Oliveira JM, Kotobuki N, Tadokoro M, Hirose M, Mano JF, Reis RL et al (2010) Ex vivo culturing of stromal cells with dexamethasone-loaded carboxymethylchitosan/poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticles promotes ectopic bone formation. Bone 46:1424–1435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Oliveira JM, Sousa RA, Kotobuki N, Tadokoro M, Hirose M, Mano JF et al (2009) The osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells cultured with dexamethasone-loaded carboxymethylchitosan/poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticles. Biomaterials 30:804–813

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Oliveira JM, Sousa RA, Malafaya PB, Silva SS, Kotobuki N, Hirose M et al (2011) In vivo study of dendronlike nanoparticles for stem cells “tune-up”: from nano to tissues. Nanomedicine 7:914–924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Parkkari J, Pasanen K, Mattila VM, Kannus P, Rimpela A (2008) The risk for a cruciate ligament injury of the knee in adolescents and young adults: a population-based cohort study of 46 500 people with a 9 year follow-up. Br J Sports Med 42:422–426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pascual-Garrido C, Carbo L, Makino A (2013) Revision of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allografts in patients younger than 40 years old: a 2 to 4 year results. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pereira H, Sevivas N, Varanda P, Monteiro A, Monllau JC, Espregueira-Mendes J (2013) Failed Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair. In: Surgical Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Bentley G (ed.), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  37. Prodromos CC, Joyce BT (2008) Allograft complications and risk factors. In: Prodromos C, Brown C, Fu FH, Georgoulis AD, Gobbi A, Howell SM, Johnson DL, Paulos LE, Shelbourne KD (eds) The anterior cruciate ligament: reconstruction and basic science. Saunders-Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 561–564

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Robertson A, Nutton RW, Keating JF (2006) Current trends in the use of tendon allografts in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:988–992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Salgado AJ, Coutinho OP, Reis RL (2004) Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends. Macromol Biosci 4:743–765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Samuelsson K, Andersson D, Karlsson J (2009) Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries with special reference to graft type and surgical technique: an assessment of randomized controlled trials. Arthroscopy 25:1139–1174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Thomas NP, Kankate R, Wandless F, Pandit H (2005) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a 2-stage technique with bone grafting of the tibial tunnel. Am J Sports Med 33:1701–1709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Thomas NP, Pandit HG (2008) Revision anterior cruciate ligament. In: Prodromos C, Brown C, Fu FH, Georgoulis AD, Gobbi A, Howell SM, Johnson DL, Paulos LE, Shelbourne KD (eds) The anterior cruciate ligament: reconstruction and basic science. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 443–457

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  43. Tornetta P 3rd, Riina J, Geller J, Purban W (1999) Intraarticular anatomic risks of tibial nailing. J Orthop Trauma 13:247–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vangsness CT Jr, Garcia IA, Mills CR, Kainer MA, Roberts MR, Moore TM (2003) Allograft transplantation in the knee: tissue regulation, procurement, processing, and sterilization. Am J Sports Med 31:474–481

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Wang CJ, Chan YS, Weng LH, Yuan LJ, Chen HS (2004) Comparison of autogenous and allogenous posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions of the knee. Injury 35:1279–1285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wegrzyn J, Chouteau J, Philippot R, Fessy MH, Moyen B (2009) Repeat revision of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a retrospective review of management and outcome of 10 patients with an average 3-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 37:776–785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wright R, Spindler K, Huston L, Amendola A, Andrish J, Brophy R et al (2011) Revision ACL reconstruction outcomes: MOON cohort. J Knee Surg 24:289–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wright RW, Gill CS, Chen L, Brophy RH, Matava MJ, Smith MV et al (2012) Outcome of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:531–536

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wu CC, Wang CC, Lu DH, Hsu LH, Yang KC, Lin FH (2012) Calcium phosphate cement delivering zoledronate decreases bone turnover rate and restores bone architecture in ovariectomized rats. Biomed Mater 7:035009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Yan LP, Silva-Correia J, Correia C, Caridade SG, Fernandes EM, Sousa RA et al (2013) Bioactive macro/micro porous silk fibroin/nano-sized calcium phosphate scaffolds with potential for bone-tissue-engineering applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 8:359–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Univ. Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Ave Park, S. Cláudio de Barco,, 4806–909,, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal

    João Espregueira-Mendes MD, PhD, Hélder Pereira MD, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira BSc, PhD & Rui Luís Reis CEng, MSc, PhD, DSc

  2. ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal

    João Espregueira-Mendes MD, PhD, Hélder Pereira MD, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira BSc, PhD & Rui Luís Reis CEng, MSc, PhD, DSc

  3. Clínica Espregueira-Mendes F.C. Porto Stadium – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal

    João Espregueira-Mendes MD, PhD, Hélder Pereira MD & Alberto Monteiro MD

  4. Orthopedic Department, Centro Hospitalar Póvoa de Varzim – Vila do Conde, Vila do Conde, Portugal

    Hélder Pereira MD

  5. Ripoll y De Prado Sport Clinic, Ripoll, Spain

    Pedro Luís Ripóll MD

  6. North Hampshire Hospital and the Hampshire Clinic, Basingstoke, UK

    Neil Thomas MD

Authors
  1. João Espregueira-Mendes MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hélder Pereira MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alberto Monteiro MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joaquim Miguel Oliveira BSc, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rui Luís Reis CEng, MSc, PhD, DSc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Pedro Luís Ripóll MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Neil Thomas MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hélder Pereira MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ATOS Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Rainer Siebold

  2. Lyon Ortho Clinic, Lyon, France

    David Dejour

  3. Istituti Ortopedico Rizzoli Clinica Ortopedica Traumatologica III, Bologna, Italy

    Stefano Zaffagnini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 ESSKA

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Espregueira-Mendes, J. et al. (2014). ACL Two-Stage Revision Surgery: Practical Guide. In: Siebold, R., Dejour, D., Zaffagnini, S. (eds) Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45349-6_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45349-6_36

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45348-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45349-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation