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The Biology and Natural History of Prostate Cancer: A Short Introduction

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Prostate Cancer Prevention

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 202))

Abstract

This chapter aims to serve as a quick glance outlining an overall picture of mainstream thoughts, and to serve as a point of departure for more thorough discussions. The introduction of PSA testing has immensely complicated research in prostate cancer epidemiology and biology and added new clinical and biological domains. As for many cancers, age and ethnic origin are the strongest known risk factors. While migrant studies imply that environment and/or personal life style is important, epidemiological studies have failed to establish any strong leads. Despite the known androgen dependence of prostate cancer, there is little to support that circulating levels of androgens, estrogens or 5-alpha-reductase are associated with risk of developing the disease. However, a consistent finding is a positive association with levels of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). Prostate cancer is one of the cancers most strongly related to inherited susceptibility, even when taking into account that family history of prostate cancer triggers PSA testing among relatives. A number of somatic genetic alterations (amplifications, deletions, point mutations, translocations) are associated with prostate cancer risk. Findings for alterations in FASN, HPN, AMACR and MYC have been fairly consistent. Recent research shows that the notion of “hormone-independent prostate cancer” has to be revised: most prostate cancers remain dependent on androgen receptor signalling also after progression despite traditional androgen deprivation therapy. Traditional markers of stage and type of disease still play a major role for prognostication and treatment decisions. Prostate cancer is one of the few cancers where patients have been recommended watchful waiting or active surveillance. This provides opportunities for studies of natural history of the disease. The understanding of prostate cancer aetiology and natural history has progressed slowly. However, the current situation is positively challenging and opens up possibilities for fruitful research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Regional Cancer Center University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden

    Lars Holmberg

  2. School of Medicine Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London, UK

    Lars Holmberg & Mieke Van Hemelrijck

Authors
  1. Lars Holmberg
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  2. Mieke Van Hemelrijck
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lars Holmberg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

    Jack Cuzick

  2. Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

    Mangesh A. Thorat

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Holmberg, L., Van Hemelrijck, M. (2014). The Biology and Natural History of Prostate Cancer: A Short Introduction. In: Cuzick, J., Thorat, M. (eds) Prostate Cancer Prevention. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 202. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45195-9_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45195-9_1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45194-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45195-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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