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Direct Reactions at Relativistic Energies: A New Insight into the Single-Particle Structure of Exotic Nuclei

  • Chapter
The Euroschool on Exotic Beams, Vol. IV

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Physics ((LNP,volume 879))

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Abstract

Direct reactions proceed in a single step, allowing to disentangle structural properties of nuclei from the reaction mechanism. The availability of radioactive beams gives rise to a renewed activity in this field enlarging the opportunities to explore the single-particle properties of exotic nuclei. Different kinds of direct reactions have been employed in different energy regimes. At high energies, the removal of one(two)-nucleon(s) (referred to as nucleon knockout in this text) from a fast exotic projectile has been extensively investigated, exploring the nuclear structure of the peripheral tail of wave functions and providing a direct insight into the single-particle properties. More than 25 years of experimental and theoretical work will be reviewed in this lecture. This exploration has recently been rejuvenated with the possibility of quasi-free scattering applied to rare isotopes. This method will be a substantial part of the program of future experimental facilities, with the results of pilot experiments now coming to light. Quasi-free scattering will complement the information gained with nucleon knockout studies, exploring deeper regions in the wave function and allowing the determination of spectral functions for both weakly and deeply bound nucleons. This lecture provides a general overview of the experimental achievements reached so far using both complementary techniques. A brief introduction to the reaction mechanisms and a simplified interpretation of the observables obtained will be presented.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Related to the spectroscopic factors.

  2. 2.

    Reaction performed in inverse kinematics.

  3. 3.

    Again illustrated by a reaction in inverse kinematics.

  4. 4.

    The two protons are emitted back-to-back (Δϕ≈180∘) and with an average polar opening angle θ≈90∘.

  5. 5.

    In some cases the fragment is also detected providing redundant information.

  6. 6.

    Limit of existence as a bound nuclear state.

  7. 7.

    National superconducting cyclotron laboratory.

  8. 8.

    Grand accélérateur national d’ions lourds.

  9. 9.

    Nishina center for accelerator-based science.

  10. 10.

    Radioactive ion beam factory.

  11. 11.

    Separator and zero degree spectrometer.

  12. 12.

    Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung.

  13. 13.

    Research center for nuclear physics.

  14. 14.

    The momentum distribution themselves have a small dependence on the binding energy of the removed nucleon, but depend on the nucleon’s orbital angular momentum, which enables identification of shell occupancy.

  15. 15.

    No recoil limit.

  16. 16.

    Facility for antiproton and ion research.

  17. 17.

    Facility for rare isotope beams.

  18. 18.

    The FWHM of the momentum distribution due to knockout is around 50 MeV/c for an s (l=0) neutron, and around 300 MeV/c for a d (l=2) neutron.

  19. 19.

    Option adopted for the backward angles of CALIFA.

  20. 20.

    HIgh resolution array.

  21. 21.

    Segmented germanium array.

  22. 22.

    Definition introduced in Eq. (5.7).

  23. 23.

    Difference between the Fermi level for neutrons and protons in a given nucleus.

  24. 24.

    Noted S p in Ref. [149].

  25. 25.

    S393 experiment performed in August 2010, Spokesperson T. Aumann.

  26. 26.

    The maximum rigidity provided by the Super-FRS will be 20 Tm.

  27. 27.

    In a phoswich detectors the energy of the particles is determined from two consecutive energy losses in consecutive detectors.

  28. 28.

    Project funded by the European Research Council for the period 2010–2015.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr. B. Pietras for careful reading of the manuscript, valuable comments and multiple English corrections.

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  1. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Dolores Cortina-Gil

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  1. Dolores Cortina-Gil
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Correspondence to Dolores Cortina-Gil .

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  1. Department Nuclear Physics II (KP2), Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

    Christoph Scheidenberger

  2. Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Marek Pfützner

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Cortina-Gil, D. (2014). Direct Reactions at Relativistic Energies: A New Insight into the Single-Particle Structure of Exotic Nuclei. In: Scheidenberger, C., Pfützner, M. (eds) The Euroschool on Exotic Beams, Vol. IV. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 879. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45141-6_5

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