Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are present in many tissue types within the human body including both cardiac and neuronal tissues. Like other channels, VGSCs activate, deactivate, and inactivate in response to changes in membrane potential. VGSCs also have a similar structure to other channels: 24 transmembrane segments arranged into four domains that surround a central pore. The structure and electrical activity of these channels allows them to create and respond to electrical signals in the body. Because of their distribution throughout the body, VGSCs are implicated in a variety of diseases including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, and neuropathic pain. As such the study of these channels is essential. This brief review will introduce sodium channel structure, physiology, and pathophysiology.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmed CM, Ware DH, Lee SC, Patten CD, Ferrer-Montiel AV, Schinder AF, McPherson JD, Wagner-McPherson CB, Wasmuth JJ, Evans GA (1992) Primary structure, chromosomal localization, and functional expression of a voltage-gated sodium channel from human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(17):8220–8224
Capes DL, Goldschen-Ohm MP, Arcisio-Miranda M, Bezanilla F, Chanda B (2013) Domain IV voltage-sensor movement is both sufficient and rate limiting for fast inactivation in sodium channels. J Gen Physiol 142(2):101–112
Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels. Pharmacol Rev 57(4):397–409
Egri C, Vilin YY, Ruben PC (2012) A thermoprotective role of the sodium channel beta1 subunit is lost with the beta1 (C121W) mutation. Epilepsia 53(3):494–505
Favre I, Moczydlowski E, Schild L (1996) On the structural basis for ionic selectivity among Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the voltage-gated sodium channel. Biophys J 71(6):3110–3125
Goldin AL (1999) Diversity of mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 868:38–50
Goldin AL (2003) Mechanisms of sodium channel inactivation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13(3):284–290
Heinemann SH, Terlau H, Stuhmer W, Imoto K, Numa S (1992) Calcium channel characteristics conferred on the sodium channel by single mutations. Nature 356(6368):441–443
Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol 117(4):500–544
Lipkind GM, Fozzard HA (2008) Voltage-gated Na channel selectivity: the role of the conserved domain III lysine residue. J Gen Physiol 131(6):523–529
McCusker EC, Bagneris C, Naylor CE, Cole AR, D’Avanzo N, Nichols CG, Wallace BA (2012) Structure of a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel pore reveals mechanisms of opening and closing. Nat Commun 3:1102
Meisler MH, Kearney JA (2005) Sodium channel mutations in epilepsy and other neurological disorders. J Clin Invest 115(8):2010–2017
Payandeh J, Scheuer T, Zheng N, Catterall WA (2011) The crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel. Nature 475(7356):353–358
Payandeh J, Gamal El-Din TM, Scheuer T, Zheng N, Catterall WA (2012) Crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel in two potentially inactivated states. Nature 486(7401):135–139
Richmond JE, Featherstone DE, Hartmann HA, Ruben PC (1998) Slow inactivation in human cardiac sodium channels. Biophys J 74(6):2945–2952
Vilin YY, Peters CH, Ruben PC (2012) Acidosis differentially modulates inactivation in na(v)1.2, na(v)1.4, and na(v)1.5 channels. Front Pharmacol 3:109
Wang K, Yuan Y, Kharche S, Zhang H (2009) The E1784K mutation in SCN5A and phenotypic overlap of type 3 long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome: a simulation study. Comput Cardiol 36:301
Watanabe E, Fujikawa A, Matsunaga H, Yasoshima Y, Sako N, Yamamoto T, Saegusa C, Noda M (2000) Nav2/NaG channel is involved in control of salt-intake behavior in the CNS. J Neurosci 20(20):7743–7751
West JW, Patton DE, Scheuer T, Wang Y, Goldin AL, Catterall WA (1992) A cluster of hydrophobic amino acid residues required for fast Na(+)-channel inactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89(22):10910–10914
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Peters, C.H., Ruben, P.C. (2014). Introduction to Sodium Channels. In: Ruben, P. (eds) Voltage Gated Sodium Channels. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 221. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41588-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41588-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-41587-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-41588-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)