Abstract
The mobility of European patients has given rise to lawsuits for a many years. Already in 1957, European legislators were attempting to resolve its related problems, establishing the European Convention on Social Security, later replaced by Regulations n°3 et n°4. Still later, these Regulations were replaced by Regulation n°1408/71/EEC of June 14th, 1971, pertaining to the application of Social Security systems to employees, independent workers, and members of their families who circulate within the European Community. There is also an Implementation Regulation, n°574/72/EEC. Nonetheless, these texts soon needed modernization, so the Regulation n°883/2004/CE, on coordinating social security systems, and its Implementation Regulation, n°987/2009, followed by other legislation, have come to comprise the sources of positive law on this subject since May 1st, 2010.
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Notes
- 1.
Regulation no 3 of September 25th, 1958, OJ EC 30 of December 16th, 1958, p. 516 and Regulation no 4 of September 25th, 1958, OJ EC of December 16th, 1958, p. 597.
- 2.
Council Regulation no 1408/71/EEC of June 14th, 1971, pertaining to the application of social security systems to employees, independent workers, and their families who circulate within the European Community, OJ L 149 of July 5th, 1971, p. 2. Council Regulation no 574/72/EEC of March 21st, 1972, setting modes of implementation for Regulation no 1408/71/EEC, pertaining to the application of social security systems to employees, independent workers, and their families who circulate within the European Community, OJ L 74 of March 27th, 1972, p. 1.
- 3.
European Parliament and Council Regulation no 883/2004/EC of April 29th, 2004, on coordinating social security systems, OJ L 166 of April 30th, 2004, p. 1.
- 4.
European Parliament and Council Implementation Regulation no 987/2009/EC of September 16th, 2009 setting the standards for implementing Regulation no 883/2004/EC, on coordinating social security systems, OJ L 284 of October 30th, 2009, p. 1.
- 5.
This Regulation has undergone several modifications. First, it was modified by European Parliament and Council Regulation no 988/2009/EC of September 16th, 2009, modifying Regulation no 883/2004/EC on coordinating social security systems, also determining the content of its annexes, (OJEU no L 284 of October 30th, 2009, p. 43), followed by Regulation no 1244/2010/EU of the Commission of December 9th, 2010, modifying European Parliament and Council Regulation no 883/2004/EC on coordinating social security systems and European Parliament and Council Regulation no 987/2009/EC setting standards for implementing Regulation no 883/2004/EC (OJEU no L338 of December 22nd, 2010, p. 35), and finally, European Parliament and Council Regulation no 465/2012/EU of May 22nd, 2012, modifying Regulation no 883/2004/EC on coordinating social security systems and Regulation no 987/2009/EC setting standards for implementing Regulation no 883/2004/EC (OJEU n L 149 of June 8th, 2012, p. 4).
This regulation also extends to nationals of non-European countries covered by European Parliament and Council Regulation no 1231/2010/EU of November 24th, 2010, extending Regulations no 883/2004/EC and no 987/2009/EC to nationals of other countries who are not already covered by these regulations on account of their nationality (OJEU no L344 of December 29th, 2010, p. 1–3.).
- 6.
European Parliament and Council Directive no 2011/24/EU of March 9th, 2011, pertaining to the implementation of patients’ rights and cross-border healthcare, OJEU no L88 of April 4th, 2011, p. 45–65.
- 7.
European Commission (2009), 313 final.
- 8.
For a practical illustration, see the website europa.eu, more specifically: http://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/work/retire/healthcare/index_fr.htm.
- 9.
CJUE, October 14th, 2010, J. A. van Delft et al. vs. College voor zorgverzekeringen, C-345/09, ECR p. I-9879.
- 10.
On determining substantial activity: European Commission (2012), p. 21–23.
- 11.
CJEC, February 25th, 1999, Swaddling vs. Adjudication Officer, C-90/97, ECR 1999, I-1075.
- 12.
CJEC, C-90/97, point no 28. Previously, the Court ruled on residency in: CJEC, July 8th, 1992, case C-102/90, Knoch (ECR I, p. 4341); CJEU, June 12th, 1986, Miethe case, 1/85 (ECR, p. 1837); CJEC, Feb. 17th, 1977, Di Paolo, 76/76 (ECR, p. 315). In all these cases, however, there was no community dimension attributed.
- 13.
CJEC, C-90/97, point no 29.
- 14.
CJEC, C-90/97, point no 30.
An interesting parallel can be made between this affirmation and the Förster Judgment of November 18th, 2008 (C-158/07, ECR p. I-8507), in which the Court did use a 5-year length of stay to appreciate the degree to which a student was really integrated into the society of a host state. Five years is the point at which an immigrant can request permanent residency, according to Directive no 2004/38.
- 15.
This distinction, which will not be developed further in this article, was specified by CJEU Jurisprudence.
- 16.
CJEU, March 8th, 2001, Jauch vs. Pensionsversicherungsanstalt der Arbeiter, C-215/99, ECR p. I-1901.
- 17.
CJEC, C-215/99, point 33.
- 18.
CJEC, C-215/99, point 35.
- 19.
CJEC, 21 février 2006, Silvia Hosse vs. Land Salzburg, C-286/03, ECR p. I-1771.
- 20.
CJEC, C-286/03, point no 37.
- 21.
CJEC, C-286/03, point no 39.
- 22.
CJEC, C-286/03, points no 53–55.
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Further Reading
European Commission (2009) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on guidance for better transposition and application of Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States, 313 final
Commission européenne (2012) La législation applicable aux travailleurs dans l’Union européenne, l’Espace économique européen et la Suisse, Guide pratique, L’Europe sociale, p 21–23
Driguez L (2012) Sécurité sociale des marins. Europe, comm. no 319
Hennion S, Le Barbier-Le Bris M, Del Sol M (2012) Droit social européen et international. 2nd ed. Thémis Droit, PUF, Paris, p 199–208
Mavridis P (2003) La Sécurité sociale à l’épreuve de l’intégration européenne. Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers and Bruylant, Athens and Brussels, p 520
Rodière P (2008) Droit social de l’Union européenne. LGDJ, nos 605–608
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Razé, L. (2014). European Patients, Residence, and Legislative Coordination of Social Security Systems. In: Hennion, S., Kaufmann, O. (eds) Unionsbürgerschaft und Patientenfreizügigkeit Citoyenneté Européenne et Libre Circulation des Patients EU Citizenship and Free Movement of Patients. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41311-7_19
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