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Satellite Remote Sensing in Offshore Wind Energy

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Handbook of Wind Power Systems

Part of the book series: Energy Systems ((ENERGY))

Abstract

Satellite remote sensing of ocean surface winds are presented with focus on wind energy applications. The history on operational and research-based satellite ocean wind mapping is briefly described for passive microwave, scatterometer and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Currently 6 GW installed capacity is found in the European Seas. The European Wind Energy Association, EWEA, expects the cumulative offshore capacity in Europe will reach 150 GW in year 2030. The offshore environment is far less well-known than over land and this increases the challenge of planning, operation and maintenance offshore. Satellite-based ocean surface wind data can fill a gap in our understanding of marine winds, their temporal and spatial variations. The statistics from satellite-based ocean surface wind maps include wind resources, long-term trend analysis and daily variations in winds. Some examples using data from passive microwave radiometer, scatterometer and SAR are presented from the North Sea and Baltic Sea. These seas are home to the majority of offshore wind farms today and many new offshore wind farm projects are in progress here.

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Abbreviations

ALOS:

Advanced Land Observing Satellite

AMSR:

Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer

ASAR:

Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar

ASCAT:

Advanced scatterometer

ASI:

Italian Space Agency

CFOSat:

Chinese French Ocean Satellite

CLS:

Collecte Localisation Satellites

CNES:

Centre National d’Etudes des Spatiales

CNSA:

China National Space Administration

COSMO-SkyMed:

COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation

CSA:

Canadian Space Agency

DLR:

German Aerospace Centre

DMSP:

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

DTOC:

Design Tools for Offshore wind farm Clusters

EERA:

European Energy Research Alliance

EOLI-SA:

Earth Observation Link-Stand Alone

ERS:

European Remote Sensing satellite

ESA:

European Space Agency

EUMETSAT:

European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites

EWEA:

European Wind Energy Association

FINO:

Forschungsplattformen in Nord- und Ostsee

GCOM-W2:

Global Change Observation Mission, W: Water cycle

GMF:

Geophysical Model Function

HH:

Horizontal receive, horizontal transmit

HJ:

Huan Jing (Environmental Protection and Disaster Monitoring Constellation)

HY:

Chinese Ocean Color Satellite

ISRO:

Indian Space Research Organisation

JAXA:

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

JERS:

Japanese Earth Remote Sensing Satellite

JHU APL:

Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory

JPL:

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

LTAN:

Local Time Ascending Node

MDA:

MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates

NAO:

North Atlantic Oscillation

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASDA:

National Space Agency of Japan

NESDIS:

National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service

NOGAPS:

Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System

NOAA:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NORSEWInD:

Northern Seas Wind Index Database

NSCAT:

NASA scatterometer

NSIDC:

National Snow and Ice Data Center

NSOAS:

National Satellite Ocean Application Service (in China)

PALSAR:

Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar

PO.DAAC:

Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive

RSS:

Remote Sensing Systems

SAR:

Synthetic Aperture Radar

ScatSat:

Scatterometer Satellite

SMMR:

Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer

SSM/I:

Special Sensor Microwave Imager

SSMIS:

Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder

TanDEM:

TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement

TerraSAR:

Terra Synthetic Aperture Radar

TMI:

TRMM Microwave Imager

TRMM:

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

TSX-NG:

TerraSAR-X Next Generation

VV:

Vertical receive, vertical transmit

WRF:

Weather Research and Forecasting

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the satellite remote sensing data available for analysis. This includes QuikSCAT and SSM/I. QuikSCAT data are produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by the NASA Ocean Vector Winds Science Team. Data are available at www.remss.com. SSM/I are produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by the NASA Earth Science MEaSUREs DISCOVER Project. Data are available at www.remss.com. We acknowledge satellite data provided by the European Space Agency, the EO-3644 ERS and Envisat and EO-6773 ERS, Envisat, ALOS PALSAR and RADARSAT grants. The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory is thanked for use and support of the APL/NOAA SAR Wind Retrieval System. We acknowledge the meteorological data from FINO-1 the Forschungsprojekt FINO [Forschungsplattformen in Nord- und Ostsee (North and Baltic Sea)]. We acknowledge support from the EU-NORSEWInD project www.norsewind.eu TREN-FP7EN-219048, in years 2008–2012 and EERA-DTOC www.eera-dtoc.eu FP7-ENERGY-2011-1/n°282797 in years 2012–2015.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. DTU Wind Energy, Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark

    Charlotte Bay Hasager, Merete Badger, Poul Astrup & Ioanna Karagali

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  1. Charlotte Bay Hasager
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  2. Merete Badger
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  3. Poul Astrup
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  4. Ioanna Karagali
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charlotte Bay Hasager .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Panos M. Pardalos

  2. Division of Economics and Business Engineering Hall, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA

    Steffen Rebennack

  3. Centro Empresarial Rio Praia de Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Mario V. F. Pereira

  4. EnerCoRD - Energy Consulting, Research & Development, Athens, Greece

    Niko A. Iliadis

  5. Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Vijay Pappu

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Hasager, C.B., Badger, M., Astrup, P., Karagali, I. (2013). Satellite Remote Sensing in Offshore Wind Energy. In: Pardalos, P., Rebennack, S., Pereira, M., Iliadis, N., Pappu, V. (eds) Handbook of Wind Power Systems. Energy Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41080-2_21

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41080-2_21

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