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Pharmacological Potentials of Artemisinin and Related Sesquiterpene Lactones: Recent Advances and Trends

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Artemisia annua - Pharmacology and Biotechnology

Abstract

Natural products represent a goldmine of innovative therapeutic molecules to prevent and/or treat human diseases. For over 1,000 years, malaria has been one of the major causes of suffering and death for mankind. Artemisinin is an unusual sesquiterpene lactone (SL) endoperoxide that has been isolated as the active principle of the Chinese antimalarial herb Artemisia annua L. Since artemisinin was discovered to be the active component of A. annua in the early 1970s, hundred of papers have focused on the antiparasitic effects of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogues. Nowadays, artemisinin and its derivatives have become essential components of antimalarial treatment and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat especially multidrug-resistant forms of malaria. These features have prompted various scientists around the world to evaluate the potential of artemisinin and derivatives to control other human diseases. This review will centre on the significant achievements in recent years (2000 to date) with regard the chemistry and biological properties of SL from A. annua, with particular attention on artemisinin and related compounds. The discussion will also focus on the understanding of its mechanism of action and structure/activity relationships.

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Abbreviations

ART:

Antiretroviral therapy

AL:

Artemether-Lumefantrine

ACTs:

Artemisinin-based combinatory therapies

CHS:

Contact hypersensitivity

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinase

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CYP450:

Cytochrome P450

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

DTH:

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DHA:

Dihydroartemisinin

EBV:

Epstein–Barr virus

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

HSV-1:

Herpes simplex virus type 1

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

Igs:

Immunoglobulins

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IκB:

Inhibitor of NF-kappaB

IC50 :

50 % Inhibitory concentration

ILs:

Interleukins

JNK:

Jun N-terminal kinase

LC50 :

Lethal concentration for 50 % mortality

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

NO:

Nitric oxide

NNRTIs:

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappaB

PMA:

Phorbol myristate acetate

pFAK:

Phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

PIs:

Protease inhibitors

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

PfATPase:

Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphate

SL:

Sesquiterpene lactone

TGF-β1:

Transforming growth factor-β1

TNBS:

2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid

TNF-α:

Tumour necrosis factor-α

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

vWF:

von Willebrand factor

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

The technical assistance of Ms. Brooke-Turner is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    María José Abad Martínez, Luis Miguel Bedoya del Olmo, Luis Apaza Ticona & Paulina Bermejo Benito

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  1. María José Abad Martínez
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  2. Luis Miguel Bedoya del Olmo
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  3. Luis Apaza Ticona
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  4. Paulina Bermejo Benito
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Correspondence to María José Abad Martínez .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany

    Tariq Aftab

  2. US Salinity Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service, Riverside, California, USA

    Jorge F.S. Ferreira

  3. Botany Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    M. Masroor A. Khan

  4. Botany Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    M. Naeem

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Martínez, M.J.A., del Olmo, L.M.B., Ticona, L.A., Benito, P.B. (2014). Pharmacological Potentials of Artemisinin and Related Sesquiterpene Lactones: Recent Advances and Trends. In: Aftab, T., Ferreira, J., Khan, M., Naeem, M. (eds) Artemisia annua - Pharmacology and Biotechnology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41027-7_5

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