Abstract
Many scholars have relegated the subfield of juvenile crime to the second tier of criminal justice scholarship. Because state policies towards juvenile crime reflect societal attitudes towards criminal culpability and the purpose of punishment, by understanding the factors which shape prosecutorial discretion in juvenile cases, we can gain rich insights into the nature of the crime and justice in a society. In particular, the latitude that prosecutors enjoy in juvenile cases does not develop by accident but rather reflects societal attitudes, the politics surrounding criminal justice policies, as well as the sensitivity of prosecution practices to external forces. As a result, sentencing polices may or may not reflect actual crime rates.
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Notes
- 1.
387 U.S. 1 (1967).
- 2.
492 U.S. 361 (1989).
- 3.
Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005).
- 4.
In addition, the police laws in each state and the Police Service Regulation (Polizeidienstverordnung) (PDV 382) detail the police procedures for handling juveniles. The legal provisions which regulate the provision of Child and Youth Services are contained in the Kinder-und -Jugendhilfgesetz (Child and Youth Services Act, KJGH).
- 5.
See §19 StGB, which states that: “[w]hoever upon commission of the act is under fourteen years of age lacks capacity to be judged guilty.”
- 6.
§ 105(1) 2, JGG.
- 7.
§ 105 JGG.
- 8.
Federal Court of Justice (Criminal Panel) BGHSt 12:116; 36:38.
- 9.
See §§ 45 (1) and (2) JGG.
- 10.
§ 38 (2) JGG.
- 11.
§ 45 (3) JGG.
- 12.
§§ 45 (1) and (2) JGG.
- 13.
§§ 18 and 109 JGG.
- 14.
§ 17(2) JGG.
- 15.
Until 1993, first generation foreigners had to reside in Germany for a period of 15 years before applying for citizenship. In addition, an individual had to forfeit their original nationality, have a clean criminal record, not depend on social welfare, and identify with the German culture to receive citizenship. After 1993, the requirements were slightly relaxed. In contrast, immigrants who claim Germany ancestry (Aussiedler) are automatically awarded citizenship upon entry.
- 16.
To qualify for German citizenship, children born after December 31, 1999 to foreign parents in Germany must be born to at least one parent who has been a legal resident in Germany for at least 8 years at the time of their birth . In addition, at least one parent of the child must possess a unlimited residence permit (unbefristete Aufenthalsterlaubris) or a residence entitlement (Aufenthaltsberechitgung) at the time of their birth (German Consultates of the United States 2007).
- 17.
Senior Prosecutor [9LJ], 12 June 2006.
- 18.
I use the term “traditional practice” as a moniker for the diversion and education-oriented focused juvenile crime departments which are organized according to the offender’s last name. In these units, a prosecutor will only receive a new, open case when a juvenile commits a crime. In contrast, in “repeat offender” departments, a prosecutor monitors a smaller ongoing caseload of juveniles who have already violated the juvenile law several times.
- 19.
§ 37 JGG.
- 20.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 22 January 2006.
- 21.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [13EU], 6 December 2005.
- 22.
This would include violations according to §§ 174, 177 (rape), 180, and 182 (sexual abuse of a child ages 14–16).
- 23.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [13EU], 6 December 2005.
- 24.
Statistics are limited to the cases processed in the states of the former West Germany and Berlin.
- 25.
§§51 and 9 JGG.
- 26.
§ Nr. 2 JGG.
- 27.
§ 16 JGG.
- 28.
§ 16 JGG.
- 29.
Under § 15 JGG the condition which qualify as disciplinary measures include making reparations, issuing an apology, performing community service, and paying a fine.
- 30.
§§ 5(2) JGG & Sect. 17 JGG.
- 31.
§18 JGG.
- 32.
§31 JGG.
- 33.
Prosecutor Interview [5LY], 19 January 2006.
- 34.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 22 January 2006.
- 35.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 January 2006.
- 36.
The department’s secretarial staff will place the files requiring immediate attention in a yellow jacket and/or make a notation on the outside file cover which indicates that the file requires immediate attention.
- 37.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 January 2006.
- 38.
Prosecutor Interview [12CJ], 29 November 2005.
- 39.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 22 January 2006.
- 40.
Prosecutor Interview [5DK], 19 January 2006.
- 41.
Justice Ministry Official [9RR], 30 June 2006.
- 42.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [9AI], 14 June 2006.
- 43.
Prosecutor Interview [9QL], 14 June 2006.
- 44.
Albrecht reports that in 1994 foreign youth made up 57 % of the youth imprisoned in Hessen. In Niedersachen and Berlin, foreign pretrial detainees approached the 2/3 mark in 1993.
- 45.
E-mail from Berlin defense attorney (9DEP) (June 13, 2007) (on file with author) (In accordance with my policy of preserving anonymity, I have elected not to cite the attorney’s name).
- 46.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 January 2006.
- 47.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 26 January 2006.
- 48.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 January 2006.
- 49.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 January 2006.
- 50.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 26 January 2006.
- 51.
Citing 2003 data.
- 52.
First Amendment Act to the Juvenile Acts [Erstes Gesetz zur Änderung des Jugendgresichtsgesetzes-1 JGGÄndG] (August 30, 1990) BGBI. Ip. 1853.
- 53.
According to this report, the rate of repeat offenders among 14–18 years old declined from 45.88 % between 2003 and 2004.
- 54.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [13EU], 6 December 2005.
- 55.
Prosecutor Interview [9QL], 14 June 2006.
- 56.
Prosecutor Interview [12CJ], 29 November 2005.
- 57.
Prosecutor Interview [7SE], 5 April 2006.
- 58.
§48 JGG. Where the proceedings also include charges filed against young adults (aged 18–21) or adults the proceedings are open to the public unless the court elects to hold closed hearings.
- 59.
§46 JGG.
- 60.
Due to the fact that I only observed a small number of juvenile proceedings, the findings in this subsection must be interpreted as preliminary in nature. In the future, I anticipate conducting more extensive participant observation studies focusing on juvenile court proceedings. Of particular interest would be to compare proceedings initiated by the repeat offender units with the typical juvenile proceedings.
- 61.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 February 2006.
- 62.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 22 January 2006.
- 63.
While a prosecutor or a defense attorney may file a challenge against a judge, according to §24 StPO, challenges may only be filed if there is a fear of bias or a reason to doubt the judge’s impartiality.
- 64.
The Jugendschöffengericht is a juvenile court comprised of one professional judge and 2 lay judges.
- 65.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 February 2006.
- 66.
The “generation of 68’ers refers to the individuals who received a university during the turbulent societal upheaval of the late 1960’s and early 1970’s in Germany-many of whom possessed liberal attitudes towards sentencing and societal problems.”
- 67.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [9AI], 14 June 2006.
- 68.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 22 January 2006.
- 69.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [13EU], 6 December 2005.
- 70.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [6PB], 22 February 2006. This department leader supervises a unit that handles both adult and juvenile crime cases.
- 71.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 22 January 2006.
- 72.
Ministry of Justice Interview [9RR], 30 June 2006.
- 73.
Ministry of Justice Interview [9RR], 30 June 2006.
- 74.
Ministry of Justice Interview [9RR], 30 June 2006.
- 75.
Prosecutor Interview [5LY], 19 January 2006.
- 76.
Prosecutor Interview [9QL], 14 June 2006.
- 77.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [13EU], 6 December 2005.
- 78.
Prosecutor Interview [12CJ], 29 November 2005.
- 79.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [10BJ], 26 June 2006.
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Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Appendices
Court Cases
8.1.1 U.S. CASE LAW
In re Gault, 387 US 1 (1967)
Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 US 361 (1989)
Roper v. Simmons, 543 US 551 (2005)
Legislation
8.2.1 Code of Criminal Procedure (StPO)
Sections:
-
24
-
170(2)
8.2.2 Code of Criminal Law (StGB)
Sections:
-
19,
-
174, 177, 180, 182
8.2.3 Other Laws
Federal Court of Justice [Criminal Panel] BGHSt 12:116; 36:3.
German Act on Juvenile Courts (JGG)
First Amendment At to the Juvenile Acts [Erstes Gesetz zur Änderung des Jugendgresichtsgesetzes-1 JGGÄndG], 30 August 1990 BGBI, 1p. 1853.
Sections:
-
5 Nr. 2, 9, 11 Nr. 3, 14, 15, 15 Nr. 3 (2), 16, 17, 17 Nr. 2, 18
-
31, 37, 38(2), 38 Nr. 2, 45, 45 Nr. 1, 45 Nr. 2, 45 Nr. 3, 45 Nr. 7, 46, 47, 48, 51, 76,
-
105, 105(1), 2, 105 Nr. 1, 109.
Interviews
Berlin Defense Attorney [9DEP], 13 June 2007.
Justice Ministry Official [9RR], 30 June 2006.
Ministry of Justice Interview [9RR], 30 June 2006.
Prosecutor Interview [5LY], 19 January 2006.
Prosecutor Interview [6SB], 23 January 2006.
Prosecutor Interview [12CJ], 29 November 2005.
Prosecutor Interview [5DK], 19 January 2006.
Prosecutor Interview [9QL], 14 June 2006.
Prosecutor Interview [7SE], 5 April 2006.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [9LJ], 12 June 2006.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [5CK], 22 January 2006 and 26 January 2006.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [13EU], 6 December 2005.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [9AI], 14 June 2006.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [6PB], 22 February 2006.
Senior Prosecutor Interview [10BJ], 26 June 2006.
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Boyne, S.M. (2014). Juvenile Justice. In: The German Prosecution Service. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40928-8_8
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