Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prostate Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Functional Imaging in Oncology

  • 1699 Accesses

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men and represents an important health-care burden. Assessment of prostate cancer can be divided into detection, staging, and monitoring the response to treatment. Imaging techniques, especially ultrasound, MRI, and PET-CT, can contribute significantly to the management of prostate cancer. Advances in contrast ultrasound, sonoelastography, functional-multiparametric MRI (spectroscopy, diffusion and perfusion), and PET-CT can improve the location, diagnosis, therapeutic decision, and monitoring of prostate cancer. This chapter reviews the role of functional imaging in the management of prostate cancer, describing the usefulness of each of the techniques and evaluating the integration of different image sequences in functional MRI. Technical requirements and clinical indications for the use of multiparametric MR imaging of prostate cancer are discussed including detection, localization, characterization, staging, biopsy guidance, and active surveillance. Technical advances in MRI make it possible to acquire information about morphology and function in the same examination. This chapter provides up-to-date information about the use of functional imaging to manage prostate cancer and the usefulness to combine morphological and functional information in clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

AIF:

Arterial input function

BPH:

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

CAD:

Computed-aid design

CD-US:

Color Doppler ultrasonography

CCo/Ci:

Creatine+choline/citrate

CE-US:

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography

CT:

Computed tomography

DCE:

Dynamic contrast-enhanced

DRE:

Digital rectal examination

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

ECE:

Extracapsular extension

FDG:

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose

HIFU:

High intensity focused ultrasound

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRSI:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PI-RADS:

Prostate imaging report and data base system

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

SPECT:

Single photon emission computed tomography

TRUS:

Transrectal ultrasonography

US:

Ultrasound

USPIO:

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide

References

  1. Talab SS, et al. Prostate cancer imaging: what the urologist wants to know. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50:1015–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jung AJ, Westphalen AC. Imaging prostate cancer. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50:1043–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barentsz JO, et al. ESUR prostate MR guidelines 2012. Eur Radiol. 2012;22:746–57.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. McNeal JE. The zonal anatomy of the prostate. Prostate. 1981;2:35–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Heijmink SW, et al. State-of-the-art uroradiologic imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Acta Oncol. 2011;50:25–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Krause BJ, et al. Imaging of prostate cancer with PET/CT and radioactively labeled choline derivates. Urol Oncol. 2011;50:656.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hoeks CMA, et al. Prostate cancer: multiparametric MR imaging for detection, localization, and staging. Radiology. 2011;261:46–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bonekamp D, et al. Advancements in MR imaging of the prostate: from diagnosis to interventions. Radiographics. 2011;31:677–703.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Akin O, et al. Transition zone prostate cancers: features, detection, localization, and staging at endorectal MR imaging. Radiology. 2006;239:784–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Seitz M, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2009;45:34.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Verma S, et al. Prostate MRI and 3D MR spectroscopy: how we do it. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:1414–26.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Afaq A, et al. Clinical utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2011;34:55.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Koh DM, Collins DJ. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:1622–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Koh DM, et al. Intravoxel incoherent motion in body diffusion-weighted MRI: reality and challenges. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:1351–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Giles SL, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient as a predictive biomarker of prostate cancer progression: value of fast and slow diffusion components. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:586–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nagel KNA, et al. Differentiation of prostatitis and prostate cancer by using diffusion-weighted MR imaging and MR-guided biopsy at 3 T. Radiology. 2013;267:164–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Franiel T, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and pharmacokinetic models in prostate cancer. Eur Radiol. 2011;21:616–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sciarra A, et al. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging: how they are changing the management of prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2011;59:962–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Vilanova JC, et al. Usefulness of prebiopsy multifunctional and morphologic MRI combined with free-to-total prostate-specific antigen ratio in the detection of prostate cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:W715–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Riches SF, et al. MRI in the detection of prostate cancer: combined apparent diffusion coefficient, metabolite ratio, and vascular parameters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193:1583–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sato C, et al. Differentiation of noncancerous tissue and cancer lesions by apparent diffusion coefficient values in transition and peripheral zones of the prostate. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;21:258–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kobus T, et al. Prostate cancer aggressiveness: in vivo assessment of MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging at 3 T. Radiology. 2012;7:34.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kubota Y, et al. The potential role of prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging combined with prostate-specific antigen density in the detection of prostate cancer. Int J Urol. 2008;15:322–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Xu S, et al. Real-time MRI-TRUS fusion for guidance of targeted prostate biopsies. Comput Aided Surg. 2008;13:255–64.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Shukla-Dave A, et al. Chronic prostatitis: MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopic imaging findings–initial observations. Radiology. 2004;231:717–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Qayyum A, et al. Organ-confined prostate cancer: effect of prior transrectal biopsy on endorectal MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:1079–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Engelbrecht MR, et al. Local staging of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:2294–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang L, et al. Prostate cancer: incremental value of endorectal MR imaging findings for prediction of extracapsular extension. Radiology. 2004;232:133–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kelloff GJ, et al. Challenges in clinical prostate cancer: role of imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:1455–70.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hovels AM, et al. Cost-effectiveness of MR lymphography for the detection of lymph node metastases in patients with prostate cancer. Radiology. 2009;252:729–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Barcelo J, et al. Diffusion-weighted whole-body MRI (virtual PET) in screening for osseous metastases. Radiologia. 2007;49:407–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Venkitaraman R, et al. Does magnetic resonance imaging of the spine have a role in the staging of prostate cancer? Clin Oncol. 2009;21:39–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Morgan VA, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring prostate cancer progression in patients managed by active surveillance. Br J Radiol. 2011;84:31–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Van As NJ, et al. A study of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in men with untreated localised prostate cancer on active surveillance. Eur Urol. 2008;44:98.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Vargas HA, et al. Diffusion-weighted endorectal MR imaging at 3 T for prostate cancer: tumor detection and assessment of aggressiveness. Radiology. 2011;259:775–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fradet V, et al. Prostate cancer managed with active surveillance: role of anatomic MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 2010;256:176–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Vargas HA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for predicting prostate biopsy findings in patients considered for active surveillance of clinically low risk prostate cancer. J Urol. 2012;34:56.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fütterer JJ. Imaging of recurrent prostate cancer. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50:1075–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Vargas HA, et al. MR imaging of treated prostate cancer. Radiology. 2012;262:26–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Martino P, et al. Role of imaging and biopsy to assess local recurrence after definitive treatment for prostate carcinoma (surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, HIFU). World J Urol. 2011;29:595–605.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wassberg C, et al. The incremental value of contrast-enhanced MRI in the detection of biopsy-proven local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: effect of reader experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199:360–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Panebianco V, et al. Prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy: the role of 3-T diffusion imaging in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2013;23:1745–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Murphy RC, et al. The utility of 11C-choline PET/CT for imaging prostate cancer: a pictorial guide. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:1390–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Peng Y, et al. Quantitative analysis of multiparametric prostate MR images: differentiation between prostate cancer and normal tissue and correlation with Gleason Score – a Computer-aided Diagnosis Development Study. Radiology. 2013;267:787–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vos PC, et al. Automatic computer-aided detection of prostate cancer based on multiparametric magnetic resonance image analysis. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57:1527–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clínica Girona - Hospital Sta. Caterina, Girona, Spain

    Joan C. Vilanova MD, PhD (Chief of MRI, Ass. Professor)

  2. University of Girona, Girona, Spain

    Joan C. Vilanova MD, PhD (Chief of MRI, Ass. Professor)

  3. Department of Magnetic Resonance, Clínica Girona, Lorenzana, 36, Girona, 17002, Spain

    Maria Boada MD & Joaquim Barceló MD

  4. Department of Radiology, Hospital Sta. Caterina, Dr. Castany s/n, 17190, Salt, Girona, Spain

    Joaquim Barceló MD

  5. Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, 17071, Spain

    Joaquim Barceló MD

Authors
  1. Joan C. Vilanova MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria Boada MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joaquim Barceló MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joan C. Vilanova MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health Time Group, Jaén, Spain

    Antonio Luna

  2. Clinica Girona Hospital Sta. Caterina, Gerona, Spain

    Joan C. Vilanova

  3. CDPI and IRM, Botafongo - Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil

    L. Celso Hygino Da Cruz Jr.

  4. Centro de Diagnóstico Dr. Enrique Rossi, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Santiago E. Rossi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vilanova, J.C., Boada, M., Barceló, J. (2014). Prostate Cancer. In: Luna, A., Vilanova, J., Hygino Da Cruz Jr., L., Rossi, S. (eds) Functional Imaging in Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40582-2_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40582-2_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40581-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40582-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation