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Functional Magnetic Resonance Techniques in CNS Tumors

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Functional Imaging in Oncology

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Abstract

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are relatively rare, and their diagnosis, therapeutic management, and follow-up represent challenges. However, the various available imaging methods no longer provide exclusively descriptive anatomical information. Advanced imaging techniques now allow for the assessment of functional parameters, thus maximizing the potential of these techniques for diagnosis and treatment assessment. In the present chapter, we discuss the role of these techniques in the diagnosis and treatment planning of CNS neoplasms. In addition, we describe the main features of intra-axial primary and secondary neoplasms as well as their differentiation from nonneoplastic, space-occupying lesions.

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Abbreviations

[18F] FDG:

2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose

[18F] FLT:

[18F]fluorothymidine

[18F]FAZA:

[18F]F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside

[18F]FMISO:

[18F]fluoromisonidazole

ACRIN:

American College of Radiology Imaging Network

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

ADCmin:

Minimum apparent diffusion coefficient

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ASL:

Arterial spin labeling

AT/RT:

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BOLD:

Blood oxygen level-dependent

CBTRUS:

Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States

Cho:

Choline

CNS:

Central nervous system

Cr:

Creatine

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CT:

Computerized tomography

DCE MR imaging:

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DSC MR imaging:

Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR imaging

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

FET:

O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine

FLAIR:

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

FSE:

Fast spin-echo

Gd:

Gadolinium

Glx:

Glutamine/glutamate

Ki-67:

Index of mitotic activity

Lac:

Lactate

Lip:

Lipids

MET:

[11C]methionine

MinIP:

Minimum-intensity projection

MRS:

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

NAA:

N-acetylaspartate

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PNET:

Primitive neuroectodermal

PWI:

Perfusion-weighted imaging

rCBV:

Relative cerebral blood volume

ROIs:

Regions of interest

rTBV:

Relative tumor blood volume

RTOG:

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group

SWI:

Susceptibility-weighted imaging

T1-WI:

T1-weighted imaging

TDL:

Tumefactive demyelinating lesion

TE:

Echo time

TSE:

Turbo spin-echo

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr. Victor Piana de Andrade (Hospital A.C. Camargo – São Paulo – SP) and Dr. Guilherme de Carvalho Campos Neto (Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein – São Paulo – SP) for their help with figures 4 and 10.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neuroradiology Fleury Medicina Diagnostica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Antônio José da Rocha MD, PhD & Antonio Carlos Martins Maia Jr MD, PhD

  2. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Suzana Maria Fleury Malheiros MD, PhD

  3. Division of Neurology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Suzana Maria Fleury Malheiros MD, PhD

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  1. Antônio José da Rocha MD, PhD
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  2. Antonio Carlos Martins Maia Jr MD, PhD
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  3. Suzana Maria Fleury Malheiros MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Antônio José da Rocha MD, PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health Time Group, Jaén, Spain

    Antonio Luna

  2. Clinica Girona Hospital Sta. Caterina, Gerona, Spain

    Joan C. Vilanova

  3. CDPI and IRM, Botafongo - Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil

    L. Celso Hygino Da Cruz Jr.

  4. Centro de Diagnóstico Dr. Enrique Rossi, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Santiago E. Rossi

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da Rocha, A.J., Maia, A.C.M., Malheiros, S.M.F. (2014). Functional Magnetic Resonance Techniques in CNS Tumors. In: Luna, A., Vilanova, J., Hygino Da Cruz Jr., L., Rossi, S. (eds) Functional Imaging in Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40582-2_1

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