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Functional Imaging in Oncology pp 269–289Cite as

MRI Hypoxia Measurements

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Abstract

Tumor hypoxia is a key feature of solid tumors. It influences tumor growth, metastatic risk, and resistance to a number of important treatment strategies including radiation, chemotherapy, and thermal ablations. Accordingly, much effort has been spent on the development of noninvasive image-based measurements of tissue oxygenation. MR oxygenation measurements, in particular, are subject of extensive research, due to the favorable soft-tissue contrast, extensive availability, and lack of ionizing radiation, which is particularly beneficial in longitudinal or treatment follow-up studies.

Information on tissue oxygenation can be derived from the MR relaxation parameters R2*, i.e., the reversible transverse relaxation rate, and R1, i.e., the longitudinal relaxation rate. Historically, the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging technique is the most prominent and frequently used. Oxygen-enhanced MRI R1- and/or R2*-weighted imaging or quantification is becoming increasingly popular, since it allows the separation of the effect of oxygenation on the relaxation properties from other influences and offers a novel contrast mechanism distinct from BOLD. Quantitative measurements of the oxygen partial pressure can be obtained from 19 F imaging techniques and approaches that combine electron spin resonance (ESR) and Overhauser effects. Other methods are sensitive to hypoxia itself, but do not provide direct pO2 estimates. This chapter elaborates on the methodology of different MR-based oxygenation measurements and presents exemplary results from their evaluation in oncologic applications. It concludes with a comparison of techniques and an outlook on their future role in oncology.

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Abbreviations

BOLD:

Blood oxygen-level dependent

ESR:

Electron spin resonance

FLOOD:

Flow and blood oxygenation level dependent sequence

FREDOM:

Fluorocarbon Relaxometry using Echo planar imaging for Dynamic Oxygen Mapping

HFB:

Hexafluorobenzene

HiSS:

High spectral and spatial resolution

HMDSO:

Hexamethyldisiloxane

OE-MRI:

Oxygen-enhanced MRI

PFCs:

Perfluorocarbons

TOLD:

Tissue Oxygen Level Dependant contrast MRI

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Acknowledgements

Investigations were supported in part by funds from the NIH NCI (R01 CA139043; 1U24 CA126608; P30 CA142543; P41 RR02584). S. Remmele would also like to thank her partners at the University of Bonn, Germany, and Dr. Petra Mürtz in particular, for the fruitful collaboration, their helpful advice, and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Landshut, Landshut, 84036, Germany

    Stefanie Remmele PhD

  2. Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA

    Ralph P. Mason PhD, CSci, CChem, FRSC

  3. Imaging Sciences Research Group, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK

    James P. B. O’Connor PhD, FRCR

  4. Department of Radiology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK

    James P. B. O’Connor PhD, FRCR

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  1. Stefanie Remmele PhD
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  2. Ralph P. Mason PhD, CSci, CChem, FRSC
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  3. James P. B. O’Connor PhD, FRCR
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Correspondence to Stefanie Remmele PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health Time Group, Jaén, Spain

    Antonio Luna

  2. Dept. of MRI, Clínica Girona, Girona, Spain

    Joan C. Vilanova

  3. Botafogo - Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil

    L. Celso Hygino da Cruz Jr.

  4. Centro de Diagnóstico Dr. Enrique Rossi, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Santiago E. Rossi

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Remmele, S., Mason, R.P., O’Connor, J.P.B. (2014). MRI Hypoxia Measurements. In: Luna, A., Vilanova, J., Hygino da Cruz Jr., L., Rossi, S. (eds) Functional Imaging in Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40412-2_12

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