Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neurobiology of Aggression: Neuroimaging Findings

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
PET and SPECT in Psychiatry

Abstract

Aggression is a difficult phenotype to study. With respect to psychiatric diagnoses, it is often related to psychopathy, antisocial behaviour, personality disorder, and schizophrenia. PET and to a much lesser extent SPECT data correspond with structural brain imaging and indicate that the frontal/prefrontal lobe and temporal lobe or limbic system are involved in the development of aggression, possibly through misinterpretation of emotional stimuli or impaired control. Few neuroimaging studies have addressed neurotransmitters issues. There is some evidence for serotonergic and dopaminergic dysfunction in aggressive individuals. Neuroimaging data indicate that there is no simple association of a serotonergic dysfunction and aggression.

In patients with schizophrenia and aggression, data from the few neuroimaging studies performed to date indicate frontal and temporal lobe abnormalities. PET and SPECT data further suggest deficits in the orbitofrontal and temporal cortex. Some fMRI studies found a negative association of violent behaviour with frontal and right-sided inferior parietal activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature

  • Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ, Logan J, Tomasi D, Williams B, Telang F, Shumay E, Biegon A, Craig IW, Henn F, Wang G-J, Volkow ND, Fowler JS (2008) Brain monoamine oxidase-A activity predicts trait aggression. J Neurosci 28:5099–5104

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NE, Kiehl KA (2012) The psychopath magnetized: insights from brain imaging. Trends Cogn Sci 16:52–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonuci AS, Gansler DA, Tan S, Bhadelia R, Patz S, Fulwiler C (2006) Orbitofrontal correlates of aggression and impulsivity in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 147:213–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkataki I, Kumari V, Das M, Taylor P, Sharma T (2006) Volumetric structural brain abnormalities in men with schizophrenia or antisocial personality disorder. Behav Brain Res 169(2):239–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR, Lee GP (1999) Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. J Neurosci 19:5473–5481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beitchman JH, Mik HM, Ehtesham S, Douglas L, Kennedy JL (2004) MAOA and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. Mol Psychiatry 9:546–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berlin HA, Rolls ET, Kischka U (2004) Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Brain 127:1108–1126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatka SG, Zhang JP, Malhotra AK (2012) The COMT Met158allele and violence in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 140:192–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booij L, Tremblay RE, Leyton M, Seguin JR, Vitaro F, Gravel P, Perreau-Linck E, Leyesque ML, Durand F, Diksic M, Turecki G, Benkelfat C (2010) Brain serotonin synthesis in adult males characterized by physical aggression during childhood: a 21-year longitudinal study. PLoS One 5:e11255

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brower MC, Price BH (2001) Neuropsychiatry of frontal lobe dysfunction in violent and criminal behaviour: a critical review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:720–726

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner H, Nelen M, Breakefield X, Ropers H, van Oost B (1993) Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262:578–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bufkin JL, Luttrell VR (2005) Neuroimaging studies of aggressive and violent behavior: current findings and implications for criminology and criminal justice. Trauma Violence Abuse 6:176–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cadoret RJ, Yates WR, Troughton E, Woodworth G, Stewart MA (1995) Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:916–924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R (2002) Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851–854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comai S, Tau M, Gobbi G (2012) The psychopharmacology of aggressive behavior: a translational approach: part 1: neurobiology. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32:83–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Da Cunha-Bang S, Stenbaek DS, Holst K, Licht CL, Jensen PS, Frokjaer VG, Mortensen EL, Knudsen GM (2013) Trait aggression and trait impulsivity are not related to frontal cortex 5-HT2A receptor binding in healthy individuals. Psychiatry Res 212(2):125–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer SF, Koolhaas JM (2005) 5-HT1a and 5-HT 1b receptor agonists and aggression: a pharmacological challenge of the serotonin deficiency hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol 526:125–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira-Souza R, Hare RD, Bramati IE, Garrido GJ, Azevedo Ignácio F, Tovar-Moll F, Moll J (2008) Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 40(3):1202–1213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan MC (2010) What imaging tells us about violence in anti-social men. Crim Behav Ment Health 20(3):199–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan MC, Deakin JF, Roberts N, Anderson IM (2002) Quantitative frontal and temporal structural MRI studies in personality-disordered offenders and control subjects. Psychiatry Res 116(3):133–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donegan NH, Sanislow CA, Blumberg HP, Fulbright RK, Lacadie C, Skudlarski P, Gore JC, Olson IR, McGlashan TH, Wexler BE (2003) Amygdala hyper-reactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications for emotional dysregulation. Biol Psychiatry 54:1284–1293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty DD, Shin LM, Alpert NM, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Lasko M et al (1999) Anger in healthy men: a PET study using script-driven imagery. Biol Psychiatry 46(4):466–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazel S, Gulati G, Linsell L, Geddes JR, Grann M (2009a) Schizophrenia and violence: review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 6(8):e1000120

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazel S, Langstrom N, Hjern A, Grann M, Lichtenstein P (2009b) Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA 301:2016–2023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fresan A, Camarena B, Apiquian R, Aguilar A, Urraca N, Nicolini H (2007) Association study of MAO-A and DRD4 genes in schizophrenic patients with aggressive behavior. Neuropsychobiology 55:171–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George DT, Rawlings RR, Williams WA, Phillips MJ, Fong G, Kerich M, Momenan R, Umhau JC, Hommer D (2004) A select group of perpetrators of domestic violence: evidence of decreased metabolism in the right hypothalamus and reduced relationships between cortical/subcortical brain structures in positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res 130:11–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn AL, Raine A, Yaralian PS, Yang Y (2010) Increased volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals. Biol Psychiatry 67(1):52–58

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyer PF, Andreason PJH, Semple WE, Clayton AH, King AC, Compton-Toth BA, Schulz SC, Cohen RM (1994) Positron-emission tomography and personality disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 10:21–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafman J, Schwab K, Warden D, Pridgen A, Brown HR, Salazar AM (1996) Frontal lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology 46:1231–1238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett EA, New AS, Newmark R, Haznedar MM, Lo JN, Speiser LJ, Chen AD, Mitropoulou V, Minzenberg M, Siever LJ, Buchsbaum MS (2005) Reduced anterior and posterior cingulated gray matter in borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 58:614–623

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herpetz SC, Dietrich TM, Wenning B, Krings T, Eberich SG, Willmes K, Thorn A, Sass H (2001) Evidence of abnormal amygdala functioning in borderline personality disorder: a functional MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 50:292–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata Y, Zai CC, Nowrouzi B, Beitchman JH, Kennedy JL (2012) Study of the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene with high aggression in children. Aggress Behav. doi:10.1002/ab.21448

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoptman MJ, Antonius D (2011) Neuroimaging correlates of aggression in schizophrenia: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry 24:100–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Johnson G, Weiss E, Bilder RM, Lim KO (2002) Frontal white matter microstructure, aggression, and impulsivity in men with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry 52:9–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Weiss EM et al (2005) Quantitative MRI measures of orbitofrontal cortex in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Res 140:133–145

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoptman MJ, D‘Angelo D, Catalano D et al (2010) Amygdalofrontal functional disconnectivity and aggression in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 36:1020–1028

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbrell TA, George MS, Parekh PI, Ketter TA, Podell DM, Danielson AL et al (1999) Regional brain activity during transient self-induced anxiety and anger in healthy adults. Biol Psychiatry 46(4):454–465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW, Moffitt TE (2006) MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 11:903–913

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari V, Aasen I, Taylor P et al (2006) Neural dysfunction and violence in schizophrenia: an fMRI investigation. Schizophr Res 84:144–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laakso MP, Gunning-Dixon F, Vaurio O, Repo-Tiihonen E, Soininen H, Tiihonen J (2002) Prefrontal volumes in habitually violent subjects with antisocial personality disorder and type 2 alcoholism. Psychiatry Res 114(2):95–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM (1996) Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6:243–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuo K, Nicoletti M, Nemoto K, Hatch JP, Peluso MAM, Nery FG, Soares JC (2008) A voxel-based morphometry study of frontal gray matter correlates of impulsivity. Hum Brain Mapp 30:1188–1195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW, Kolachana B, Hariri AR, Pezawas L, Blasi G, Wabnitz A, Honea R, Verchinski B, Callicott JH, Egan M, Mattay V, Weinberger DR (2006) Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:6269–6274

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minzenberg MJ, Fan J, New AS, Tang CY, Siever LJ (2007) Front-limbic dysfunction in response to facial emotion in borderline personality disorder: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 155:231–243

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller JL, Gänssbauer S, Sommer M, Döhnel K, Weber T, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Hajak G (2008) Gray matter changes in right superior temporal gyrus in criminal psychopaths: evidence from voxel-based morphometry. Psychiatry Res 163(3):213–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narayan VM, Narr KL, Kumari V, Woods RP, Thompson PM, Toga AW, Sharma T (2007) Regional cortical thinning in subjects with violent antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 164:1418–1427

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naudts K, Hodgins S (2006) Schizophrenia and violence: a search for neurobiological correlates. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19:533–538

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • New AS, Hazlett EA, Goodman M, Koenigsberg HW, Newmark R, Trisdorfer R, Buchsbaum MS, Siever LJ (2006) Laboratory induced aggression: a PET study of borderline personality disorder (abstract). Biol Psychiatry 59:47s

    Google Scholar 

  • New AS, Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, Goodman M, Mitelman SA, Newmark R, Trisdorfer R, Hanedar MM, Koenigsberg HW, Flory J, Siever LJ (2007) Amygdala-prefrontal disconnection in borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1629–1640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • New AS, Hazlett EA, Newmark RE, Zhang J, Triebwasser J, Meyerson D, Lazarus S, Trisdorfer R, Goldstein KE, Goodman M, Koenisgberg HW, Flory JD, Siever LJ, Buchsbaum MS (2009) Laboratory induced aggression: a PET study of aggressive individuals with borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66:1107–1114

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman TK, Syagailo YV, Barr CS, Wendland JR, Champoux M, Graessle M, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Lesch KP (2005) Monoamine oxidase A gene promoter variation and rearing experience influences aggressive behavior in rhesus monkeys. Biol Psychiatry 57:167–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palijan TZ, Radeljak S, Kovac M, Kovacevic D (2010) relationship between comorbidity and violence risk assessment in forensic psychiatry – the implication of neuroimaging studies. Psychiatr Danub 22:253–256

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov KA, Christiakov DA, Chekhonin VP (2012) Genetic determinants of aggression and impulsivity in humans. J Appl Genet 53:61–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pietrini P, Guazzelli M, Basso G, Jaffe K, Grafman J (2000) Neural correlates of imaginal aggressive behavior assessed by positron emission tomography in healthy subjects. Am J Psychiatry 157:1772–1781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puri BK, Counsell SJ, Saeed N, Bustos MG, Treasaden IH, Bydder GM (2008) Regional grey matter volumetric changes in forensic schizophrenia patients: an MRI study comparing the brain structure of patients who have seriously and violently offended with that of patients who have not. BMC Psychiatry 8(Suppl 1):S6. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-S1-S6

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Buchsbaum MS, Stanley J, Lottenberg S, Abel L, Stoddard J (1994) Selective reductions in prefrontal glucose metabolism in murderers. Biol Psychiatry 36(6):365–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Buchsbaum M, LaCasse L (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry 42(6):495–508

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Meloy JR, Bihrle S, Stoddard J, LaCasse L, Buchsbaum MS (1998) Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assess using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers. Behav Sci Law 16:319–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2000) Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(2):119–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Ishikawa SS, Arce E, Lencz T, Knuth HK, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2004) Hippocampal structural asymmetry in unsuccessful psychopaths. Biol Psychiatry 55:185–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer B, Müller BW, Scherbaum N, Hodgins S, Forsting M, Wiltfang J, Gizewski ER, Leygraf N (2011) Disentangling structural brain alterations associated with violent behavior from those associated with substance use disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(10):1039–1049

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmahl CG, Vermetten E, Elzinga BM, Bremner JD (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal and amygdala volume in women with childhood abuse and borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 122:193–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmahl CG, Elzinga BM, Ebner UW, Simms T, Sanislow C, Vermetten E, McClashan TH, Bremner JD (2004) Psychophysiological reactivity to traumatic and abandonment scripts in borderline personality and posttraumatic stress disorders: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res 126:33–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serper M, Beech DR, Harvey PD, Dill C (2008) Neuropsychological and symptom predictors of aggression on the psychiatric inpatient service. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30:700–709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shehzad Z, DeYoung CG, Kang Y, Grigorenko EL, Gray JR (2012) Interaction of COMT val158met and externalizing behavior: relation to prefrontal brain activity and behavioral performance. Neuroimage 60:2158–2168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siever LJ (2008) Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am J Psychiatry 165:429–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh JP, Colavka J, Czobor P, van Dorn RA (2012) A meta-analysis of the VAL125Met COMT polymorphism and violent behavior in schizophrenia. PLoS One 7(8):e43423

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soliman A, Bagby RM, Wilson AA, Miler L, Clark M, Rusian P, Sacher J, Houle S, Meyer JH (2011) Relationship of monoamine oxidase A binding to adaptive and maladaptive personality traits. Psychol Med 41:1051–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soyka M (2011) Neurobiology of aggression and violence in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 37:913–920

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soyka M, Graz C, Bottlender R, Dirschedl P, Schoech H (2007) Clinical correlates of later violence and criminal offences in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 94:89–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spalletta G, Troisi A, Alimenti S, di Michele F, Pau F, Pasini A, Caltagirone C (2001) Reduced prefrontal cognitive activation associated with aggression in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 50:131–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strous RD, Bark M, Parsia SS, Volavka J, Lachman HM (1997) Analysis of functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: evidence for associations with aggressive and antisocial behaviour. Psychiatry Res 69:71–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous RD, Nolan KA, Lapidus R, Diaz L, Saito T, Lachman HM (2003) Aggressive behavior is associated with the low enzyme activity COMT polymorphism: a replication study. Am J Med Genet 120B:29–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiihonen J, Rossi R, Laakso MP, Hodgins S, Testa C, Perez J, Repo-Tiihonen E, Vaurio O, Soininen H, Aronen HJ, Könönen M, Thompson PM, Frisoni GB (2008) Brain anatomy of persistent violent offenders: more rather than less. Psychiatry Res 163(3):201–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow ND, Tancredi LR, Grant C, Gillespie H, Valentine A, Mullani N, Wang GJ, Hollister L (1995) Brain glucose metabolism in violent psychiatric patients: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 61:243–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlund K, Kristiansson M (2009) Aggression, psychopathy and brain imaging – Review and future recommendations. Int J Law Psychiatry 32:266–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witte AV, Flöel A, Stein P, Savli M, Mien LK, Wadsak W, Spindelegger C, Moser U, Fink M, Hahn A, Mitterhauser M, Kletter K, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R (2009) Aggression is related to frontal serotonin- 1A receptor distribution as revealed by PET in healthy subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 30:2558–2570

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong MT, Fenwick PB, Lumsden J et al (1997) Positron emission tomography in male violent offenders with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 68:111–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang YM, Raine A (2009) Prefrontal cortex structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 174:81–88

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P (2005) Volume reduction in prefrontal gray matter in unsuccessful criminal psychopaths. Biol Psychiatry 57(10):1103–1108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Raine A, Narr KL, Colletti P, Toga AW (2009) Localization of deformations within the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(9):986–994

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This review was supported by the federal grants DFG SO 257/9-1 and So 257/9-2. The author thanks Jacquie Klesing, ELS, for editing assistance with the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany

    Michael Soyka MD

  2. Privatklinik Meiringen, Willigen, PF 612, CH-3860, Meiringen, Switzerland

    Michael Soyka MD

Authors
  1. Michael Soyka MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Soyka MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F. J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands

    Johan A. den Boer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Soyka, M. (2014). Neurobiology of Aggression: Neuroimaging Findings. In: Dierckx, R., Otte, A., de Vries, E., van Waarde, A., den Boer, J. (eds) PET and SPECT in Psychiatry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40384-2_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40384-2_29

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40383-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40384-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation