Abstract
Human-friendly robots are usually characterized either by active compliance control or intrinsically compliant behavior. Active compliance control has already reached a mature stage and recently went to market. Intrinsic compliance on the other hand is currently investigated in several large European projects and other research projects worldwide. Due to the significant increase in mechanical design complexity, the additional degrees of freedom needed for adjusting stiffness and related questions regarding control, there are still several open issues to be addressed in order to validate the VIA concept. DLR is currently developing an integrated hand-arm system [1, 13], which will be fully equipped with variable stiffness actuation, see Fig. 10.1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albu-Schäffer, A., Eiberger, O., Grebenstein, M., Haddadin, S., Ott, C., Wimböck, T., Wolf, S., Hirzinger, G.: Soft robotics: From torque feedback controlled lightweight robots to intrinsically compliant systems. IEEE Robotics and Automation Mag.: Special Issue on Adaptable Compliance/Variable Stiffness for Robotic Applications 15(3), 20–30 (2008)
Albu-Schäffer, A., Wolf, S., Eiberger, O., Haddadin, S., Petit, F., Chalon, M.: Dynamic modeling and control of variable stiffness actuators. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2010), Anchorage, Alaska, pp. 2155–2162 (2010)
Benson, D.: A gauss pseudospectral transcription for optimal control (2005)
Bicchi, A., Tonietti, G.: Fast and soft arm tactics: Dealing with the safety-performance trade-off in robot arms design and control. IEEE Robotics and Automation Mag. 11, 22–33 (2004)
Bryson, A., Ho, Y.: Applied optimal control, rev. print. edn. Hemisphere Publ. Corp. (1975)
Bulirsch, R., Stoer, J.: Einführung in die numerische Mathematik 2. Springer (1978) (German)
Carl-Cranz-Gesellschaft: Optimierungsverfahren- Software und praktische Anwendungen (1981) (German)
Chou, C., Hannaford, B.: Measurement and modeling of McKibben pneumatic artificial muscles. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation (12), 90–102 (1996)
De Luca, A., Albu-Schäffer, A., Haddadin, S., Hirzinger, G.: Collision detection and safe reaction with the DLR-III lightweight manipulator arm. In: IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2006), Beijing, China, pp. 1623–1630 (2006)
Gao, D., Wampler, C.: On the use of the head injury criterion (HIC) to assess the danger of robot impacts. IEEE Robotics and Automation Mag. 16(4), 71–74 (2009)
Edsinger, A.: Robot manipulation in human environments. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (2007)
Garg, D., Patterson, M.A., Hager, W.W., Rao, A.V., Benson, D.A., Huntington, G.T.: A unified framework for the numerical solution of optimal control problems using pseudospectral methods. Automatica 46(11), 1843–1851 (2010)
Grebenstein, M., van der Smagt, P.: Antagonism for a highly anthropomorphic hand-arm system. Advanded Robotics 22(1), 39–55 (2008)
Haddadin, S.: Evaluation criteria and control structures for safe human-robot interaction. Master’s thesis, Technical University of Munich (TUM) & German Aerospace Center (DLR) (2005)
Haddadin, S., Albu-Schäffer, A., Hirzinger, G.: Safe physical human-robot interaction: Measurements, analysis & new insights. In: International Symposium on Robotics Research (ISRR 2007), Hiroshima, Japan, pp. 395–408 (2007)
Haddadin, S., Albu-Schäffer, A., Hirzinger, G.: Safety evaluation of physical human-robot interaction via crash-testing. In: Robotics: Science and Systems Conference (RSS 2007), Atlanta, USA, pp. 217–224 (2007)
Haddadin, S., Albu-Schäffer, A., Hirzinger, G.: Requirements for safe robots: Measurements, analysis & new insights. The Int. J. of Robotics Research 28(11-12), 1507–1527 (2009)
Haddadin, S., Albu-Schäffer, A., Luca, A.D., Hirzinger, G.: Collision detection & reaction: A contribution to safe physical human-robot interaction. In: IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2008), Nice, France, pp. 3356–3363 (2008)
Haddadin, S., Laue, T., Frese, U., Wolf, S., Albu-Schäffer, A., Hirzinger, G.: Kick it like a safe robot: Requirements for 2050. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 57, 761–775 (2009)
Haddadin, S., Weis, M., Albu-Schaeffer, A., Wolf, S.: Optimal control for maximizing link velocity of robotic variable stiffness joints. In: Proceedings of IFAC 2011,World Congress, pp. 3175–3182 (2011)
Hermann, M.: Numerik gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen: Anfangs- und Randwertprobleme. Oldenbourg, Müchen (2004) (German)
Hurst, J., Chestnutt, J., Rizzi, A.: An actuator with physically variable stiffness for highly dynamic legged locomotion. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2004), Barcelona, Spain, pp. 4662–4667 (2004)
Kirk, D.: Optimal control theory. Prentice-Hall (1970)
Lagarias, J., Reeds, J., Wright, M., Wright, P.: Convergence properties of the nealder-mead simplex method in low dimensions. SIAM Journal on Optimisation 9, 112–147 (1998)
Liberzon, D.: Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control Theory: A Concise Introduction. Princeton University Press (2011), http://books.google.de/books?id=bXBJYgEACAAJ
Migliore, S., Brown, E., DeWeerth, S.: Biologically inspired joint stiffness control. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA2005), Barcelona, Spain (2005)
Morita, T., Sugano, S.: Development of one-dof robot arm equipped with mechanical impedance adjuster. In: IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2006), Washington, DC, USA, p. 407 (1995)
Oberer, S., Schraft, R.D.: Robot-dummy crash tests for robot safety assessment. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2007), Rome, Italy, pp. 2934–2939 (2007)
Oberle, H.: BNDSCO - A Program for the Numerical Solution of Optimal Control Problems (2001), Hamburger Beiträge zur angewandten Mathematik, Bericht 36, Reihe B (German)
Papageorgiou, M.: Optimierung : statische, dynamische, stochastische Verfahren für die Anwendung, 2. erw. u. verb. aufl. edn. Oldenbourg (1996) (German)
Park, J.J., Kim, H.S., Song, J.B.: Safe robot arm with safe joint mechanism using nonlinear spring system for collision safety. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2009), Kobe, Japan, pp. 3371–3376 (2009)
Pontrjagin, L.: Mathematische Theorie optimaler Prozesse, 2., verb. aufl. edn. Oldenbourg, München (1967) (German)
Pratt, G., Williamson, M.: Series elastics actuators. In: IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems 1995 (IROS 1995), Victoria, Canada, pp. 399–406 (1995)
Rao, A.V., Benson, D.A., Darby, C., Patterson, M.A., Francolin, C., Sanders, I., Huntington, G.T.: Algorithm 902: Gpops, a matlab software for solving multiple-phase optimal control problems using the gauss pseudospectral method. ACM Trans. Math. 37, 22:1–22:39 (2010), http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1731022.1731032
Schiavi, R., Grioli, G., Sen, S., Bicchi, A.: VSA-II: a novel prototype of variable stiffness actuator for safe and performing robots interacting with humans. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2008), Pasadena, USA, pp. 2171–2176 (2008)
Unbehauen, H.: Regelungstechnik III, Identifikation, Adaption, Optimierung, 6., durchges. Aufl. edn. Oldenbourg (1989) (German)
Van Ham, R., Vanderborght, B., Van Damme, M., Verrelst, B., Lefeber, D.: MACCEPA, the mechanically adjustable compliance and controllable equilibrium position actuator: Design and implementation in a biped robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 55, 761–768 (2007)
Wolf, S., Hirzinger, G.: A new variable stiffness design: Matching requirements of the next robot generation. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2008), Pasadena, USA, pp. 1741–1746 (2008)
Zinn, M., Khatib, O., Roth, B.: A new actuation approach for human friendly robot design. The Int. J. of Robotics Research 23, 379–398 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haddadin, S. (2014). Intrinsic Joint Compliance. In: Towards Safe Robots. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, vol 90. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40308-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40308-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40307-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40308-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)