Abstract
Patients affected by macular diseases usually complain impaired vision in dim light and difficulties in recognizing the contour of objects in low-contrast conditions even with normal visual acuity and full visual field. Unfortunately, despite the evidence that rods fail first, clinicians and regulatory agencies monitor the progression of macular degeneration with visual tests that measure cone but not rod function. This is typically performed in bright light, but not in dim light condition where patients struggle to perform ordinary visual tasks.
This chapter describes the contribution of newly developed scotopic microperimetry to the clinical examination of rod function, mainly in diabetics without and with early nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and in patients with early age-related macular degeneration.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Steinmetz RL, Haimovici R, Jubb C et al (1993) Symptomatic abnormalities of dark adaptation in patients with age-related Bruch’s membrane change. Br J Ophthalmol 77:549–554
Owsley C, Jackson GR, White M et al (2001) Delay in rod-mediated dark adaptation in early age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmology 108:1196–1202
Haimovici R, Owens SL, Fitzke FW, Bird AC (2002) Dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration: relationship to the fellow eye. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:90–95
Lorenz B, Gyurus P, Preising M et al (2000) Early-onset severe rod-cone dystrophy in young children with RPE65 mutations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2735–2742
Cella W, Greenstein VC, Zemant-Rajang J et al (2009) G1961E mutant allele in the Stargardt disease gene ABCA4 causes bull’s eye maculopathy. Exp Eye Res 89(1):16–24
Arden GB, Carter RM, Hogg CR et al (1983) Rod and cone activity in patients with dominantly inherited retinitis pigmentosa: comparisons between psychophysical and electroretinographic measurements. Br J Ophthalmol 67:405–418
Schmitz-Valckenber S, Ong EE, Rubin GS et al (2009) Structural and functional changes over time in MacTel patients. Retina 29:1314–1320
Umino Y, Solessio E (2013) Loss of scotopic contrast sensitivity in the optomotor response of diabetic mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:1536–1543
Owsley C, McGwin G, Jackson GR, Kallies K, Clark M (2007) Cone- and rod-mediated dark adaptation impairment in age-related maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 114:1728–1735
Curcio C, Medeiros NE, Millican CL (1996) Photoreceptor loss in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1236–1249
Medeiros NE, Curcio C (2001) Preservation of ganglion cell layer neurons in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:795–803
Curcio CA, Owsley C, Jackson GR (2000) Spare the rods, save the cones in aging and age-related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2015–2018
Marmor MF, Aguirre G, Arden G et al (1983) Retinitis pigmentosa; a symposium on terminology and methods of examination. Ophthalmology 90:126–131
Jacobson SG, Voigt WJ, Parel JM et al (1986) Automated light- and dark-adapted perimetry for evaluating retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology 93:1604–1611
Chen JC, Firzke FW, Pauleikhoff D, Bird AC (1992) Functional loss in age-related Bruch’s membrane change with choroidal perfusion defect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:334–340
Scholl HPN, Bellmann C, Dandekar SS, Bird AC, Fitzke FW (2004) Photopic and scotopic fine matrix mapping of retinal areas of increased fundus autofluorescence in patients with age-related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:574–583
Pilotto E, Midena E (2007) Scanning laser microperimetry. In: Midena E (ed) Perimetry and the fundus: an introduction to microperimetry. Slack Incorporated, Thorofare, pp 7–12
Midena E, Radin PP, Convento E (2007) Liquid crystal display microperimetry. In: Midena E (ed) Perimetry and the fundus: an introduction to microperimetry. Slack Incorporated, Thorofare, pp 15–25
Bellmann C, Feely M, Crossland MD, Kabanarou SA, Rubin GS (2004) Fixation stability using central and pericentral fixation targets in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 111:2265–2270
Curcio CA, Allen KA (1990) Topography of ganglion cells in human retina. J Comp Neurol 300:5–25
Crossland MD, Luong VA, Rubin GS, Fitzke FW (2011) Retinal specific measurement of dark-adapted visual function: validation of a modified microperimeter. BMC Ophthalmol 11:5
Van de Born LI, van Schooneveld MJ, de Jong LA et al (1994) Thr4Lys rhodopsin mutation is associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa of the cone-rod type in a small Dutch family. Ophthalmic Genet 15:51–60
Midena E, Convento E, Casciano M et al (2012) Scotopic microperimetry in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:E-Abstract 2864
Chen C, Wu L, Wu D et al (2004) The local cone and rod system function in early age-related macular degeneration. Doc Ophthalmol 10:1–8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pilotto, E., Convento, E. (2014). Scotopic Microperimetry. In: Midena, E. (eds) Microperimetry and Multimodal Retinal Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40300-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40300-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40299-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40300-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)