Abstract
Computer vision techniques have been used extensively to automatically monitor human activities; however, applications for analysing animal behaviour are sparse. The analysis of bat behaviour in particular has attracted only one or two studies. Most existing work uses either expensive thermal imaging equipment, or bespoke sensors which are not accessible to field researchers, ecologists, and scientists studying behaviour. The work we present here uses spectral analysis techniques to quantify wingbeat frequency, using a single imaging device in low-light. We propose two modified techniques based on bounded box metrics, and similarity matrices, for measuring periodic and cyclical motion as a 1D time domain signal. These are transformed to the frequency domain using Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Finally we evaluate these techniques against the baseline algorithm proposed by Cutler and Davis [5], using expert-annotated ground-truth data.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ayyildiz, K., Conrad, S.: Video classification by main frequencies of repeating movements. In: 12th Int’l. Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (2011)
Betke, M., Hirsh, D.E., Makris, N.C., McCracken, G.F., Procopio, M., Hristov, N.I., Tang, S., Bagchi, A., Reichard, J.D., Horn, J.W., et al.: Thermal imaging reveals significantly smaller brazilian free-tailed bat colonies than previously estimated. Journal of Mammalogy 89(1), 18–24 (2008)
Breslav, M., Fuller, N.W., Betke, M.: Vision system for wing beat analysis of bats in the wild (2012)
Bullen, R., McKenzie, N.: Scaling bat wingbeat frequency and amplitude. Journal of Experimental Biology 205(17), 2615–2626 (2002)
Cutler, R., Davis, L.S.: Robust real-time periodic motion detection, analysis, and applications. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 22(8), 781–796 (2000)
Fisher, R., Xiao, Y.: Bat echolocation behavior from highspeed 3d video. In: Workshop on Visual Observation and Analysis of Animal and Insect Behavior, Istanbul, Turkey (2010)
Ghaderian, M., Behrad, A., Kaboodi, S.A.D.: Recognition of periodic motions using one-dimensional contour based features. In: 7th Iranian Machine Vision and Image Processing, pp. 1–5. IEEE (2011)
Hristov, N.I., Betke, M., Theriault, D.E., Bagchi, A., Kunz, T.H.: Seasonal variation in colony size of brazilian free-tailed bats at carlsbad cavern based on thermal imaging. Journal of Mammalogy 91(1), 183–192 (2010)
Laptev, I., Belongie, S.J., Perez, P., Wills, J.: Periodic motion detection and segmentation via approximate sequence alignment. In: Tenth IEEE Int’l. Conf. on Computer Vision, ICCV, vol. 1, pp. 816–823. IEEE (2005)
Lazarevic, L., Harrison, D., Southee, D., Wade, M., Osmond, J.: Wind farm and fauna interaction: detecting bird and bat wing beats through cyclic motion analysis. Int’l. Journal of Sustainable Engineering 1(1), 60–68 (2008)
Lyons, R.: How to interpolate in the time-domain by zero-padding in the frequency domain (2010)
Norberg, U.M.L., Norberg, R.Å.: Scaling of wingbeat frequency with body mass in bats and limits to maximum bat size. The Journal of Exp. Bio. 215(5), 711–722 (2012)
Plotnik, A.M., Rock, S.M.: Quantification of cyclic motion of marine animals from computer vision. In: OCEANS MTS/IEEE, vol. 3, pp. 1575–1581. IEEE (2002)
Ren, Y., Fan, B., Lin, W., Yang, X., Li, H., Li, W., Liu, D.: An efficient framework for analyzing periodical activities in sports videos. In: 4th Int’l. Congress on Image and Signal Processing, vol. 1, pp. 502–506. IEEE (2011)
Schumacher, D.: General filtered image rescaling. In: Graphics Gems III, pp. 8–16. Academic Press Professional, Inc. (1992)
Suzuki, S., et al.: Topological structural analysis of digitized binary images by border following. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 30(1), 32–46 (1985)
Zivkovic, Z., van der Heijden, F.: Efficient adaptive density estimation per image pixel for the task of background subtraction. Pattern Recognition Letters 27(7), 773–780 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Atanbori, J. et al. (2013). Analysis of Bat Wing Beat Frequency Using Fourier Transform. In: Wilson, R., Hancock, E., Bors, A., Smith, W. (eds) Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns. CAIP 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8048. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40246-3_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40246-3_46
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40245-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40246-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)