Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Challenges and a Feasible Strategy for Studies and Standardization of Platelet-Rich Plasma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Platelet-Rich Plasma

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Bioengineering ((LNBE))

Abstract

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is currently used in regenerative medicine and has opened up an exciting field of study. In this chapter, we present the main challenges limiting the study and standardization of PRP, based on variables and interactions involved in its preparation. Furthermore, we present and discuss some approaches to basic science studies of PRP from the simplest case to the most complex or real scenario. A feasible strategy for studying P-PRP (Pure-PRP) preparation in a real situation is also illustrated. The key point of the strategy is the predictive description of the main steps of PRP preparation, based on the physicochemical events. Within the expected variability for an autologous product, the quality of PRP can be modulated by preparation conditions and also tailored for evaluation of biological responses. The interconnected characterization and standardization of the quality and biological properties of PRP are the basis for further clinical studies

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anitua E, Aguirre JJ, Algorta J, Ayerdi E, Cabezas AI, Orive G, Andia I (2008) Effectiveness of autologous preparation rich in growth factors for the treatment of chronic cutaneous ulcers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 84(2):415–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Alkhraisat MH, Orive G (2012) Perspectives and challenges in regenerative medicine using plasma rich in growth factors. J Controlled Release 157(1):29–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anitua E, Sanchez M, Nurden AT, Zalduendo MM, de la Fuente M, Azofra J, Andia I (2007) Platelet-released growth factors enhance the secretion of hyaluronic acid and induce hepatocyte growth factor production by synovial fibroblasts from arthritic patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46(12):1769–1772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araki J, Jona M, Eto H, Aoi N, Kato H, Suga H, Doi K, Yatomi Y, Yoshimura K (2012) Optimized preparation method of platelet-concentrated plasma and noncoagulating platelet-derived factor concentrates: maximization of platelet concentration and removal of fibrinogen. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 18(3):176–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sa Arnoczky, Caballero O (2010) Platelet-rich plasma to augment connective tissue healing: making sense of it all. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 18:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoczky SD, Rodeo SA D (2011) What is platelet-rich plasma? Oper Tech Sports Med 19:142–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey JE, Ollis DF (1986) Biochemical engineering fundamentals, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bäumler H, Neu B, Donath E, Kiesewetter H (1999) Basic phenomena of red blood cell rouleaux formation. Biorheology 36(5):439–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Bausset O, Giraudo L, Veran J, Magalon J, Coudreuse J-M, Magalon G, Dubois C, Serratrice N, Dignat-George F, Sabatier F (2012) Formulation and storage of platelet-rich plasma homemade product

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird RB, Stewart WE, Lightfoot EN (2007) Transport phenomena, 2nd edn.John Wiley & Sons. ISBN:978-0-470-11539-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr ME (1990). Patent US5118182—Method for determining fibrin fiber size from a single gel optical density measurement

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr ME, Gabriel DA (1980) Dextran-induced changes in fibrin fiber size and density based on wavelength dependence of gel turbidity

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr ME Jr, Gabriel DA, McDonagh J (1986) Influence of Ca2 + on the structure of reptilase-derived and thrombin-derived fibrin gels. Biochem J 239(3):513–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Bielecki T, Jimbo R, Barbe G, Del Corso M, Inchingolo F, Sammartino G (2012) Do the fibrin architecture and leukocyte content influence the growth factor release of platelet concentrates? An evidence-based answer comparing a pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) gel and a leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Curr Pharm Biotechnol 13(7):1145–1152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T (2009) Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends Biotechnol 27(3):158–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sharkawy H, Kantarci A, Deady J, Hasturk H, Liu H, Alshahat M, Van Dyke TE (2007) Platelet-rich plasma: growth factors and pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. J Periodontol 78(4):661–669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engebretsen L, Steffen K, Alsousou J, Anitua E, Bachl N, Devilee R, Everts P, Hamilton B, Huard J, Jenoure P (2010) IOC consensus paper on the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine. Br J Sports Med 44(15):1072–1081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everts PA, Overdevest EP, Jakimowicz JJ, Oosterbos CJ, Schonberger JP, Knape JT, van Zundert A (2007) The use of autologous platelet-leukocyte gels to enhance the healing process in surgery, a review. Surg Endosc 21(11):2063–2068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, Gerhardt MB, Rodeo SA (2009) Platelet-rich plasma from basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med 37(11):2259–2272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franco D, Franco T, Schettino AM, Tavares Filho JM, Vendramin FS (2012) Protocol for obtaining platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and thrombin for autologous use. Aesthetic Plast Surg 36(5):1254–1259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hom DB, Linzie BM, Huang TC (2007) The healing effects of autologous platelet gel on acute human skin wounds. Arch Facial Plast Surg 9(3):174–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter RJ (2001) Foundations of colloid science, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Kersaudy-Kerhoas M, Dhariwal R, Desmulliez MY, Jouvet L (2010) Hydrodynamic blood plasma separation in microfluidic channels. Microfluid Nanofluid 8(1):105–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste E, Martineau I, Gagnon G (2003) Platelet concentrates: effects of calcium and thrombin on endothelial cell proliferation and growth factor release. J Periodontol 74(10):1498–1507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landesberg R, Roy M, Glickman RS (2000) Quantification of growth factor levels using a simplified method of platelet-rich plasma gel preparation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 58(3):297–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei H, Gui L, Xiao R (2009) The effect of anticoagulants on the quality and biological efficacy of platelet-rich plasma. Clin Biochem 42(13):1452–1460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martineau I, Lacoste E, Gagnon G (2004) Effects of calcium and thrombin on growth factor release from platelet concentrates: kinetics and regulation of endothelial cell proliferation. Biomaterials 25(18):4489–4502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx RE (2001) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): what is PRP and what is not PRP? Implant dent 10(4):225–228

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzocca AD, McCarthy MBR, Chowaniec DM, Cote MP, Romeo AA, Bradley JP, Arciero RA, Beitzel K (2012) Platelet-rich plasma differs according to preparation method and human variability. J Bone Joint Surg 94(4):308–316

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarrel T, Fortier L (2009) Temporal growth factor release from platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression. J Orthop Res 27(8):1033–1042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mei-Dan O, Carmont M, Kots E, Barchilon V, Nyska M, Mann G (2010) Early return to play following complete rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow using preparation rich in growth factors: a case report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 19(5):e1–e5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosesson MW, Siebenlist KR, Meh DA (2001) The structure and biological features of fibrinogen and fibrin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 936(1):11–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neto BdB, Scarminio IS, Bruns RE (2001) Planejamento e otimização de experimentos, 2nd ed Campinas,SP, Brazil, Editora Unicamp

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez AGM, Lichy R, Lana JF, Rodriguez AA, Luzo ACM, Belangero WD, Santana MHA Prediction and modulation of platelet recovery by discontinuous centrifugation of whole blood for preparation of pure platelet-rich plasma. BioResearch Open Acces. ISSN: 2164–7860. doi:10.1089/biores.2013.0015 [InPress]

  • Press R. (2012) Platelet-rich plasma: For now, more questions than answers. Orthopedics today. http://www.healio.com/orthopedics/biologics/news/print/orthopedics-today/%7B5F7A0187-359E−4F2A-BFC8-2425AA213BC1%7D/Platelet-rich-plasma-For-now-more-questions-than-answers

  • Riha P, Liao F, Stoltz J-F (1997) The effect of rouleaux formation on blood coagulation. Manuscript presented at the symposium on cellular aggregation and adhesion held at the 21st French congress on biomechanics and the 9th French congress on biorheology, Sept 1996. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 17(4): 341–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundman EA, Cole BJ, Fortier LA (2011) Growth factor and catabolic cytokine concentrations are influenced by the cellular composition of platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med 39:2135–2140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Dolder J, Mooren R, Vloon AP, Stoelinga PJ, Jansen JA (2006) Platelet-rich plasma: quantification of growth factor levels and the effect on growth and differentiation of rat bone marrow cells. Tissue Eng 12(11):3067–3073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, Dragoo JL (2012) Contents and formulations of platelet-rich plasma. Operative Tech Orthop 22(1):33–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisel JW, Nagaswami C (1993) Computer modeling of fibrin polymerization kinetics correlated with electron microscope and turbidity observations: clot structure and assembly are kinetically controlled

    Google Scholar 

  • Werynski A, Malchesky PS, Sueoka A, Asanuma Y, Smith JW, Kayashima K, Herpy E, Sato H, Nosé Y (1981) Membrane plasma separation: toward improved clinical operation. ASAIO J 27:539–543

    Google Scholar 

  • Wojtys EM (2012) The PRP question. Sports Health: Multi Approach 4(2):99–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolberg AS (2007) Thrombin generation and fibrin clot structure. Blood Rev 21(3):131–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeromonahos C, Polack B, Caton F (2007) Nanostructure of the FibrinClot. Biophys J 99(7):2018–2027

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering—School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Amanda G. M. Perez & Maria H. A. Santana

  2. Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics and Regeneration—iMOR, Uberaba, MG, Brazil

    José F. Lana

  3. Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Ana A. Rodrigues & William D. Belangero

  4. Haematology and Hemotherapy Center, Umbilical Cord Blood Bank, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Angela C. M. Luzo

Authors
  1. Amanda G. M. Perez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. José F. Lana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana A. Rodrigues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Angela C. M. Luzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. William D. Belangero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Maria H. A. Santana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria H. A. Santana .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics and Regeneration - iMOR, Uberaba, Brazil

    José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana

  2. Department of Biotechnological Processes, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Maria Helena Andrade Santana

  3. Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    William Dias Belangero

  4. Haematology and Hemotherapy Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Angela Cristina Malheiros Luzo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Perez, A.G.M., Lana, J.F., Rodrigues, A.A., Luzo, A.C.M., Belangero, W.D., Santana, M.H.A. (2014). Challenges and a Feasible Strategy for Studies and Standardization of Platelet-Rich Plasma. In: Lana, J., Andrade Santana, M., Dias Belangero, W., Malheiros Luzo, A. (eds) Platelet-Rich Plasma. Lecture Notes in Bioengineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40117-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40117-6_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40116-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40117-6

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation