Skip to main content

Assessment of Renal Function

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Kidney and Urinary Tract Diseases in the Newborn

Abstract

UA is the oldest method of diagnostic urine testing, first used more than 6,000 years ago [20]. Often neglected by the clinicians and poorly performed by laboratories, it is an inexpensive, readily available, and easy to interpret test with or without automated analyzers. It is an excellent indicator of a variety of renal functions, and some people consider it as a medical “poor man’s” biopsy of the kidney.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Arant BS Jr, Edelmann CM Jr et al (1972) The congruence of creatinine and inulin clearances in children: use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. J Pediatr 81(3):559–561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Awad H, el-Safty I et al (2002) Evaluation of renal glomerular and tubular functional and structural integrity in neonates. Am J Med Sci 324(5):261–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Back SE, Krutzen E et al (1988) Contrast media as markers for glomerular filtration: a pharmacokinetic comparison of four agents. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 48(3):247–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Berry SM, Lecolier B et al (1995) Predictive value of fetal serum beta 2-microglobulin for neonatal renal function. Lancet 345(8960):1277–1278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bistarakis L, Voskaki I et al (1986) Renal handling of phosphate in the first six months of life. Arch Dis Child 61(7):677–681

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bokenkamp A, Dieterich C et al (2001) Fetal serum concentrations of cystatin C and beta2-microglobulin as predictors of postnatal kidney function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185(2):468–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bouvet Y, Bouissou F et al (2006) GFR is better estimated by considering both serum cystatin C and creatinine levels. Pediatr Nephrol 21(9):1299–1306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chan JCM, Williams DM et al (2002) Kidney failure in infants and children. Pediatr Rev 23(2):47–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cobet G, Gummelt T et al (1996) Assessment of serum levels of alpha-1-microglobulin, beta-2-microglobulin, and retinol binding protein in the fetal blood. A method for prenatal evaluation of renal function. Prenat Diagn 16(4):299–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Counahan R, Chantler C et al (1976) Estimation of glomerular filtration rate from plasma creatinine concentration in children. Arch Dis Child 51(11):875–878

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dommergues M, Muller F et al (2000) Fetal serum beta2-microglobulin predicts postnatal renal function in bilateral uropathies. Kidney Int 58(1):312–316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fahimi D, Mohajeri S et al (2009) Comparison between fractional excretions of urea and sodium in children with acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 24(12):2409–2412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Filler G, Lepage N (2003) Should the Schwartz formula for estimation of GFR be replaced by Cystatin C formula? Pediatr Nephrol 18:981–985

    Google Scholar 

  14. Finney H, Newman DJ et al (2000) Reference ranges for plasma cystatin C and creatinine measurements in premature infants, neonates, and older children. Arch Dis Child 82(1):71–75

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Forster IC, Hernando N et al (2006) Proximal tubular handling of phosphate: a molecular perspective. Kidney Int 70(9):1548–1559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gallini F, Maggio L et al (2000) Progression of renal function in preterm neonates with gestational age < or = 32 weeks. Pediatr Nephrol 15(1–2):119–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Glick PL, Harrison MR et al (1985) Management of the fetus with congenital hydronephrosis II: prognostic criteria and selection for treatment. J Pediatr Surg 20(4):376–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Grubb A (1992) Diagnostic value of analysis of cystatin C and protein HC in biological fluids. Clin Nephrol 38(Suppl 1):S20–S27

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Grubb A, Nyman U et al (2005) Simple cystatin C-based prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate compared with the modification of diet in renal disease prediction equation for adults and the Schwartz and the Counahan-Barratt prediction equations for children. Clin Chem 51(8):1420–1431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Haber MH (1988) Pisse prophecy: a brief history of urinalysis. Clin Lab Med 8(3):415–430

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Han WK, Bailly V et al (2002) Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 62(1):237–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hirsch R, Dent C et al (2007) NGAL is an early predictive biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 22(12):2089–2095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hogg RJ, Portman RJ et al (2000) Evaluation and management of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in children: recommendations from a pediatric nephrology panel established at the National Kidney Foundation conference on Proteinuria, Albuminuria, Risk, Assessment, Detection, and Elimination (PARADE). Pediatrics 105(6):1242–1249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ichimura T, Hung CC et al (2004) Kidney injury molecule-1: a tissue and urinary biomarker for nephrotoxicant-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286(3):F552–F563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Larsson A, Malm J et al (2004) Calculation of glomerular filtration rate expressed in mL/min from plasma cystatin C values in mg/L. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 64(1):25–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mathew OP, Jones AS et al (1980) Neonatal renal failure: usefulness of diagnostic indices. Pediatrics 65(1):57–60

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mishra J, Dent C et al (2005) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 365(9466):1231–1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mishra J, Ma Q et al (2006) Kidney NGAL is a novel early marker of acute injury following transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 21(6):856–863

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mitsnefes MM, Kathman TS et al (2007) Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of renal function in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 22(1):101–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morris RK, Quinlan-Jones E et al (2007) Systematic review of accuracy of fetal urine analysis to predict poor postnatal renal function in cases of congenital urinary tract obstruction. Prenat Diagn 27(10):900–911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Muller F, Bernard MA et al (1999) Fetal urine cystatin C as a predictor of postnatal renal function in bilateral uropathies. Clin Chem 45(12):2292–2293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Muller F, Dommergues M et al (1993) Fetal urinary biochemistry predicts postnatal renal function in children with bilateral obstructive uropathies. Obstet Gynecol 82(5):813–820

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mussap M, Fanos V et al (2002) Predictive value of amniotic fluid cystatin C levels for the early identification of fetuses with obstructive uropathies. BJOG 109(7):778–783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nako Y, Ohki Y et al (1999) Transtubular potassium concentration gradient in preterm neonates. Pediatr Nephrol 13(9):880–885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Nava S, Bocconi L et al (1996) Aspects of fetal physiology from 18 to 37 weeks’ gestation as assessed by blood sampling. Obstet Gynecol 87(6):975–980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nolte S, Mueller B et al (1991) Serum alpha 1-microglobulin and beta 2-microglobulin for the estimation of fetal glomerular renal function. Pediatr Nephrol 5(5):573–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Odlind B, Hallgren R et al (1985) Is 125I iothalamate an ideal marker for glomerular filtration? Kidney Int 27(1):9–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Parikh CR, Abraham E et al (2005) Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(10):3046–3052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Parikh CR, Jani A et al (2006) Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 6(7):1639–1645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Passwell JH, Modan M et al (1974) Fractional excretion of uric-acid in infancy and childhood – index of tubular maturation. Arch Dis Child 49(11):878–882

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rehling M, Moller ML et al (1984) Simultaneous measurement of renal clearance and plasma clearance of 99mTc-labelled diethylenetriaminepenta-acetate, 51Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetra-acetate and inulin in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 66(5):613–619

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Roberts KB (2011) Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 128(3):595–610

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Rodriguez-Soriano J, Vallo A (1988) Renal tubular hyperkalaemia in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 2(4):498–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sargent JD, Stukel TA et al (1993) Normal values for random urinary calcium to creatinine ratios in infancy. J Pediatr 123(3):393–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Schwartz GJ, Furth SL (2007) Glomerular filtration rate measurement and estimation in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 22(11):1839–1848

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Schwartz GJ, Munoz A et al (2009) New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20(3):629–637

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Simerville JA, Maxted WC et al (2005) Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 71(6):1153–1162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Simonsen O, Grubb A et al (1985) The blood serum concentration of cystatin C (gamma-trace) as a measure of the glomerular filtration rate. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 45(2):97–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. So NP, Osorio AV et al (2001) Normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratios in African-American and Caucasian children. Pediatr Nephrol 16(2):133–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Stapleton FB, Jones DP et al (1987) Acute renal failure in neonates: incidence, etiology and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 1(3):314–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Stapleton FB, Linshaw MA et al (1978) Uric acid excretion in normal children. J Pediatr 92(6):911–914

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Stapleton FB, Nash DA (1983) A screening test for hyperuricosuria. J Pediatr 102(1):88–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Trachtman H, Christen E et al (2006) Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalcin in D+HUS: a novel marker of renal injury. Pediatr Nephrol 21(7):989–994

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Vanderheyden T, Kumar S et al (2003) Fetal renal impairment. Semin Neonatol 8(4):279–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Zappitelli M, Parvex P et al (2006) Derivation and validation of cystatin C-based prediction equations for GFR in children. Am J Kidney Dis 48(2):221–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Zappitelli M, Washburn KK et al (2007) Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill children: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 11(4):R84

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aftab S. Chishti MD, FAAP, CCST .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chishti, A.S. (2014). Assessment of Renal Function. In: Chishti, A., Alam, S., Kiessling, S. (eds) Kidney and Urinary Tract Diseases in the Newborn. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39988-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39988-6_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-39987-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-39988-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics