Abstract
According to Shuowen Jiezi (Origin of Chinese Characters by Xu Shen in East Han Dynasty), qing in qingjie (清洁 “clean”) originally described the clearness of water, whereas jie in qingjie means freedom from dirt, stain, or impurities. So the original meaning of qingjie is the cleanness and clearness of water. While this terminology was applied to the social sphere, it became something people referred to pleasantly. When qingjie is used as a verb, it shows the action of the preserving and maintaining of nice things.
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Notes
- 1.
Su Zhiliang’s China’s History of Drugs, A Complete Book on Banning Drugs, Imported Drugs, Locally Produced Drugs and the Addictive Population in China’s History, and Poppy and Opium in Ancient China were quoted in accounting the history of drugs of China.
- 2.
Commission of the Banning of Opium of the Southwest China, Summary of the Work of Banning Opium in 1950, Xinhua Daily, March 15, 1951.
- 3.
February 25, 1950, People’s Daily.
- 4.
“Situation of Anti-drug Publicity and Preliminary Experience,” August 30, 1952, People’s Daily.
- 5.
“Situation of Anti-drug Publicity and Preliminary Experience,” August 30, 1952, People’s Daily.
- 6.
Pan Yuqing’s “The Ban on Prostitution in Shanghai in 1951,” Sun Shidong’s “Around the years of China’s Ban on Brothels,” an editorial of the New China’s Women “To Root up the Brothel System” were referred to for the following account. Apology should be given to these authors for my failure in the specification of these sources (the reason is that I searched these articles on line).
- 7.
Cited in Richard Wolin’s (2000).
- 8.
A poem entitled “My Thoughts” by Xu Yueying, a prostitute of Tang Dynasty. Cited in Xie Wenyao (1990).
- 9.
The abolishment of the prostitutes had aroused the wide concern of the world. The Reformation Institution of Women in Shanghai had been an epitome of the reformation to prostitutes. After an American journalist had interviewed Zhu Yuying, a reformed prostitute, he exclaimed to the cadres that what the slogan (the Old Society turned human beings into ghosts, while the New Society will turn the ghosts into human beings) said was really true because “I feel that you have really turned the ghosts into human beings.”
- 10.
According to People’s Daily (December 30, 1951), Liu Qingshan asked for a long-term sick leave after he came to Beijing. Actually it was that he was addicted with drugs. His plot to appropriate relief grain and the fund for river reconstruction with Zhang Zishan had something to do with his addiction, too. According to Northeast China Daily (March 1, 1952), Yin Zihua (the Secretary of the Jiaohe County Committee) and Cui Xiaoguang (the Jiaohe County League Secretary), together with other drug traffickers, profited from drug trafficking. The directors of the local police, taxation, and organization of the County Committee were also involved in the crime.
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Hu, Y. (2013). Building a New and Clean State. In: Rural Health Care Delivery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_10
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