Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sexualsystem

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Altern

  • 8022 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Sexualorgane der Frau bestehen aus zwei Eierstöcken (Ovarien) und den zugehörigen Eileitern, die in die Gebärmutter (Uterus) münden. Diese geht in die Scheide (Vagina) über, die nach außen von den Schamlippen (Vulva) verdeckt ist. Die Sexualorgane des Mannes sind die beiden Hoden (Testes) in dem außerhalb der Körperhöhle befindlichen Hodensack (Scrotum) sowie die beiden Samenleiter, die z. T. von der Prostata (Vorsteherdrüse) umgeben sind und dann in den Harnleiter münden. Die Prostata ist etwa walnussgroß und produziert Sekrete, die etwa 30 % des Ejakulats ausmachen. Der Harnleiter führt durch den Penis nach außen. Wesentliche Funktionen der beiden Organsysteme sind zum einen die Produktion von Ei- bzw. Samenzellen (Spermien), zum anderen die Produktion von Geschlechtshormonen sowie die innere Befruchtung und die intrauterine Entwicklung des Embryos im (geschützten) Uterus. Im weiteren Sinne gehören auch die neuronalen und endokrinen Steuerungssysteme im ZNS (u. a. Hypothalamus und Hypophyse) zum Sexualsystem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Dr. Saadat Mohsenzadeh, zurzeit in einer Praxis für „in vitro-Fertilisation“ in Dortmund tätig

Literatur

  • Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma R (2005) Oxidative stress and its implications in female infertility – a clinician’s perspective. RBMOnline 11:641–650

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken RJ, Baker MA (2006) Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control. Mol Cell Endocrinol 250:66–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassil N, Morley JE (2010) Late-life onset hypogonadism: a review. Clin Geriatr Med 26:197–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianco K, Caughey AB, Shaffer BL, Davis R, Norton ME (2006) History of miscarriage and increased incidence of fetal aneuploidy in subsequent pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 107:1098–1102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson BM (1999) Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. Mosby, St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  • Chervenak JL (2010) Reproductive aging, sexuality and symptoms. Semin Reprod Med 28:380–387

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi JY, Lee KM, Park SK, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Yoo KY, Kang D (2005) Association of paternal age at birth and the risk of breast cancer in offspring: a case control study. BMC Cancer 5:143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De La Fuente R, Viveiros MM, Wigglesworth K, Eppig JJ (2004) ATRX, a member of the SNF2 family of helicase/ATPases, is required for chromosome alignment and meiotic spindle organization in metaphase II stage mouse oocytes. Dev Biol 272:1–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenlaub-Ritter U (1996) Parental age-related aneuploidy in human germ cells and offspring: a story of past and present. Environ Mol Mutagen 28:211–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenlaub-Ritter U (1998) Genetics of oocyte ageing. Maturitas 30:143–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Vogt E, Yin H, Gosden R (2004) Spindles, mitochondria and redox potential in ageing oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online 8:45–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epel ES, Blackburn EH, Ling J et al (2004) Accelerated telomer shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sc U S A 101:7312–7315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, Johannes CB et al (2002) Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metal 87:589–598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher JC (2007) Effect of early menopause on bone mineral density and fractures. Menopause 14:567–571

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein I (2007) Current management strategies of the postmenopausal patient with sexual health problems. J Sex Med 4(Suppl 3):235–253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruenewald DA, Matsumoto AM (2003) Testosterone supplementation therapy for older men: potential benefits and risks. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:101–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermann M, Untergasser G, Rumpold H, Berger P (2000) Aging of the male reproductive system. Exp Gerontol 35:1267–1279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiura H, Obata Y, Komiyama J, Shirai M, Kono T (2006) Oocyte growth-dependent progression of maternal imprinting in mice. Genes Cells 11:353–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg L, Ekbom A, Calle E, Mokdad A, Byers T (1995) Parental age and breast cancer mortality. Epidemiology 6:425–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hook EB (1981) Rates of chromosome abnormalities at different maternal ages. Obst Gynecol 58:282–285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iborra A, Palacio JR, Martínez P (2005) Oxidative stress and autoimmune response in the infertile woman. Chem Immunol Allergy 88:150–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung A, Schuppe HC, Schill WB (2003) Are children of older fathers at risk of genetic disorders? Andrologia 35:191–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keefe DL, Liu L, Marquard K (2007) Telomeres and aging-related meiotic dysfunction in women. Cell Mol Life Sci 64:139–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhnert B, Nieschlag E (2004) Reproductive functions of the aging male. Hum Reprod Update 10:327–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ljunger E, Cnattingius S, Lundin C, Annerén G (2005) Chromosomal anomalies in first-trimester miscarriages. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:1103–1107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lunenfeld B (2003) Androgen therapy in the aging male. World J Urol 21:292–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lunenfeld B (2006) Endocrinology of the aging male. Minerva Gynecol 58:153–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malatesta VJ (2007) Sexual problems, women and aging: an overview. J Women Aging 19:139–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosca L (2000) The role of hormone replacement therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal heart disease. Arch Intern Med 160:2263–2272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O WS, Chen HP, Chow H (2006) Male genital tract antioxidant enzymes – their ability to preserve sperm DNA integrity. Mol. Cell Endocrinol 250:80–3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Roak BJ, Vives L, Giriajan S, Karakoc E et al (2012) Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations. Nature 485:246–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellestor F, Andreo B, Anahori T, Hamamah S (2006) The occurrence of aneuploidy in humans: lessons from the cytogenetic studies of human oocytes. Eur J Med Genet 49:103–116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinkerton JV, Stovall DW (2010) Reproductive aging, menopause, and health outcomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1204:169–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash K, Pirozzi G, Elashoff M, Munger W et al (2002) Symptomatic and asymptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia molecular differentiation by using micro arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:7598–7603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rensing L (2007) Die Grenzen der Lebensdauer. Biol Unserer Zeit 37:190–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rensing L, Mohsenzadeh S (2008) Späte Eltern – welchen Risiken sind die Kinder ausgesetzt? Biol Unserer Zeit 38:177–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rochebrochard de La E, Thonneau P (2002) Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage; results of a multicentre European study. Hum Reprod 17:1649–1656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossouw JE et al (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:321–333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson N, Untergasser G, Plas E, Berger P (2007) The aging male reproductive tract. J Pathol 211:206–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sancken U, Burfeind P, Engel W (2005) Die Bedeutung des mütterlichen Alters für die Entstehung von numerischen Chromosomenaberrationen. Reproduktionsmed Endokrinol 2:109–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherthan H (2007) Telomere attachment and clustering during meiosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 64:117–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seifer DB, De Jesus V, Hubbard K (2002) Mitochondrial deletions in luteinized granulosa cells as a function of age in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 78:1046–1048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steuerwald N, Cohen J, Herrera R et al (2001) Association between spindle assembly checkpoint expression and maternal age in human oocytes. Mol Hum Reprod 7:49–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strowitzki T (2006) Reproduktionsmedizin – Fluch oder Segen? Biol Unserer Zeit 36:225–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voorhuis M, Onland-Moret NC, Schouw YT van der, Fauser BC, Broekmans FJ (2010) Human studies on genetics of the age at natural menopause: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 16:364–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh KE, Berman JR (2004) Sexual dysfunction in the older woman: an overview of the current understanding and management. Drugs Aging 21:655–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolstenholme J, Angell RR (2000) Maternal age and trisomy – a unifying mechanism of formation. Chromosoma 109:435–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yip BH, Pawitan Y, Czenek K (2006) Parental age and risk of childhood cancers: a population-based cohort study from Sweden. Int J Epidemiol 35:1493–1503

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Zellbiologie, Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland

    Ludger Rensing

  2. Zentrum für Humangenetik, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. ZHG, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland

    Volkhard Rippe

Authors
  1. Ludger Rensing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Volkhard Rippe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ludger Rensing .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rensing, L., Rippe, V. (2014). Sexualsystem. In: Altern. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37733-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation