Abstract
Exciton-polaritons in semiconductor nanostructures constitute a model system of quantum fluid of ultra light Bose excitations in a driven-dissipative situation. Owing to recent progresses in the domain of nanofabrications, polaritons environment may now be tuned at will in terms of external potential and dimensionality. In this chapter we present a nanostructure of particular interest to generate and manipulate one dimensional polaritons with unusual properties: ZnO microwires. Within such a structure we show that polaritons are stable at room temperature and have the property of being strongly decoupled from the lattice thermal vibrations, therefore naturally protected from thermal decoherence. We also find that at cryogenic temperature, the 1D superfluid phase is surprising as polaritons are much heavier than usual and quasi purely excitonic in nature. At room temperature, another polariton superfluid phase is also observed, and several experimental facts indicate that the strong coupling is well preserved in spite of a much larger critical density.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
D.S. Petrov, G.V. Shlyapnikov, J.T.M. Walraven, Regimes of quantum degeneracy in trapped 1D gases. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3745 (2000)
M. Girardeau, Relationship between systems of impenetrable bosons and fermions in one dimension. J. Math. Phys. 1, 516 (1960)
J. Brand, A.Y. Cherny, Dynamic structure factor of the one-dimensional Bose gas near the Tonks-Girardeau limit. Phys. Rev. A 72, 033619 (2005)
M.A. Cazalilla, R. Citro, T. Giamarchi, E. Orignac, M. Rigol, One dimensional bosons: From condensed matter systems to ultracold gases. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1405 (2011)
N. Wada, J. Taniguchi, H. Ikegami, S. Inagaki, Y. Fukushima, Helium-4 Bose fluids formed in one-dimensional 18 Å diameter pores. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4322 (2001)
S. Richard, F. Gerbier, J.H. Thywissen, M. Hugbart, P. Bouyer, A. Aspect, Momentum spectroscopy of 1D phase fluctuations in Bose-Einstein condensates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 010405 (2003)
T. Kinoshita, T. Wenger, D.S. Weiss, A quantum Newton’s cradle. Nature 440, 900 (2006)
E. Haller, R. Hart, M.J. Mark, J.G. Danzl, L. Reichsöllner, M. Gustavsson, M. Dalmonte, G. Pupillo, H.-C. Nägerl, Pinning quantum phase transition for a Luttinger liquid of strongly interacting bosons. Nature 466, 597 (2010)
T. Kinoshita, T. Wenger, D.S. Weiss, Local pair correlations in one-dimensional Bose gases. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 190406 (2005)
E. Chow, P. Delsing, D.B. Haviland, Length-scale dependence of the superconductor-to-insulator quantum phase transition in one dimension. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 204 (1998)
T. Giamarchi, C. Rüegg, O. Tchernyshyov, Bose-Einstein condensation in magnetic insulators. Nat. Phys. 4, 198 (2008)
S.O. Demokritov, V.E. Demidov, O. Dzyapko, G.A. Melkov, A.A. Serga, B. Hillebrands, A.N. Slavin, Bose-Einstein condensation of quasi-equilibrium magnons at room temperature under pumping. Nature 443, 430 (2006)
B.C. Watson, V.N. Kotov, M.W. Meisel, D.W. Hall, G.E. Granroth, W.T. Montfrooij, S.E. Nagler, D.A. Jensen, R. Backov, M.A. Petruska, G.E. Fanucci, D.R. Talham, Magnetic spin ladder (C5H12N)2CuBr4: High-field magnetization and scaling near quantum criticality. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5168 (2001)
C. Weisbuch, M. Nishioka, A. Ishikawa, Y. Arakawa, Observation of the coupled exciton-photon mode splitting in a semiconductor quantum microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3314 (1992)
J. Kasprzak, M. Richard, S. Kundermann, A. Baas, P. Jeambrun, J.M.J. Keeling, F.M. Marchetti, M.H. Szymańska, R. André, J.L. Staehli, V. Savona, P.B. Littlewood, B. Deveaud, L.S. Dang, Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons. Nature 443, 409 (2006)
A. Amo, J. Lefrère, S. Pigeon, C. Adrados, C. Ciuti, I. Carusotto, R. Houdré, E. Giacobino, A. Bramati, Superfluidity of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. Nat. Phys. 5, 805 (2009)
K.G. Lagoudakis, M. Wouters, M. Richard, A. Baas, I. Carusotto, R. André, L.S. Dang, B. Deveaud-Plédran, Quantized vortices in an exciton-polariton condensate. Nat. Phys. 4, 706 (2008)
K.G. Lagoudakis, T. Ostatnický, A.V. Kavokin, Y.G. Rubo, R. André, B. Deveaud-Plédran, Observation of half-quantum vortices in an exciton-polariton condensate. Science 326, 974 (2009)
E. Wertz, L. Ferrier, D.D. Solnyshkov, R. Johne, D. Sanvitto, A. Lemaître, I. Sagnes, R. Grousson, A.V. Kavokin, P. Senellart, G. Malpuech, J. Bloch, Spontaneous formation and optical manipulation of extended polariton condensates. Nat. Phys. 6, 860 (2011)
M.A. Kaliteevski, S. Brand, R.A. Abram, A. Kavokin, L.S. Dang, Whispering gallery polaritons in cylindrical cavities. Phys. Rev. B 75, 233309 (2007)
L. Sun, Z. Chen, Q. Ren, K. Yu, L. Bai, W. Zhou, H. Xiong, Z.Q. Zhu, X. Shen, Direct observation of whispering gallery mode polaritons and their dispersion in a ZnO tapered microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 156403 (2008)
A. Trichet, L. Sun, G. Pavlovic, N.A. Gippius, G. Malpuech, W. Xie, Z. Chen, M. Richard, L.S. Dang, One-dimensional ZnO exciton polaritons with negligible thermal broadening at room temperature. Phys. Rev. B 83, 041302(R) (2011)
K. Yu, Y.S. Zhang, R.L. Xu, S.X. Ouyang, D.M. Li, L.Q. Luo, Z.Q. Zhu, J. Ma, S.J. Xie, S.H. Han, H.R. Geng, Efficient field emission from tetrapod-like zinc oxide nanoneedles. Mater. Lett. 59, 1866 (2005)
I.C. Robin, B. Gauron, P. Ferret, C. Tavares, G. Feuillet, L.S. Dang, B. Gayral, J.M. Gérard, Evidence for low density of nonradiative defects in ZnO nanowires grown by metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 143120 (2007)
A. Marzouki, F. Falyouni, N. Haneche, A. Lusson, P. Galtier, L. Rigutti, G. Jacopin, M. Tchernycheva, M. Oueslati, V. Sallet, Structural and optical characterizations of N-doped ZnO nanowires grown by MOCVD. Mater. Lett. 64, 2112 (2010)
J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1999)
G. Pavlovic, G. Malpuech, N.A. Gippius, Dispersion and polarization conversion of whispering gallery modes in nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 82, 195328 (2010)
J. Wiersig, Hexagonal dielectric resonators and microcrystal lasers. Phys. Rev. A 67, 023807 (2003)
J.J. Hopfield, Finestructure in the optical absorption edge of anisotropic crystals. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 15, 97 (1960)
D.G. Thomas, The exciton spectrum of zinc oxide. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 15, 86 (1960)
M.R. Wagner, J.-H. Schulze, R. Kirste, M. Cobet, A. Hoffmann, C. Rauch, A.V. Rodina, B.K. Meyer, U. Röder, K. Thonke, Γ 7 valence band symmetry related hole fine splitting of bound excitons in ZnO observed in magneto-optical studies. Phys. Rev. B 80, 205203 (2009)
P.Y. Yu, M. Cardona, Fundamentals of Semiconductors (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010)
C.F. Klingshirn, B.K. Meyer, A. Waag, A. Hoffmann, J.M.M. Geurts, Zinc Oxide: From Fundamental Properties Towards Novel Applications (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010)
S.F. Chichibu, T. Sota, G. Cantwell, D.B. Eason, C.W. Litton, Polarized photoreflectance spectra of excitonic polaritons in a ZnO single crystal. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 756 (2003)
J.J. Hopfield, Theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of crystals. Phys. Rev. 112, 1555 (1958)
A.V. Kavokin, J.J. Baumberg, G. Malpuech, F. Laussy, Microcavities (Oxford University Press, London, 2007)
C. Cohen-Tannoudji, J. Dupont-Roc, G. Grynberg, Atom-Photon Interactions: Basic Processes and Applications (Wiley, New York, 1998)
Y. Li, F. Della Valle, M. Simonnet, I. Yamada, J.-J. Delaunay, Competitive surface effects of oxygen and water on UV photoresponse of ZnO nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 023110 (2009)
D. Bajoni, P. Senellart, E. Wertz, I. Sagnes, A. Miard, A. Lemaître, J. Bloch, Polariton laser using single micropillar GaAs–GaAlAs semiconductor cavities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 047401 (2008)
S. Christopoulos, G.B.H. von Högersthal, A.J.D. Grundy, P.G. Lagoudakis, A.V. Kavokin, J.J. Baumberg, G. Christmann, R. Butté, E. Feltin, J.F. Carlin, N. Grandjean, Room-temperature polariton lasing in semiconductor microcavities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 126405 (2007)
T. Guillet, M. Mexis, J. Levrat, G. Rossbach, C. Brimont, T. Bretagnon, B. Gil, R. Butté, N. Grandjean, L. Orosz, F. Reveret, J. Leymarie, J. Zúñiga-Perez, M. Leroux, F. Semond, S. Bouchoule, Polariton lasing in a hybrid bulk ZnO microcavity. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 161104 (2011)
F. Manni, K.G. Lagoudakis, B. Pietka, L. Fontanesi, M. Wouters, V. Savona, R. André, B. Deveaud-Plédran, Polariton condensation in a one-dimensional disordered potential. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 176401 (2011)
J.J. Baumberg, A. Kavokin, F. Laussy, G. Malpuech, Microcavities (Oxford University Press, New York, 2007)
H. Flayac, D.D. Solnyshkov, G. Malpuech, Oblique half-solitons and their generation in exciton-polariton condensates. Phys. Rev. B 83, 193305 (2011)
C. Klingshirn, R. Hauschild, J. Fallert, H. Kalt, Room-temperature stimulated emission of ZnO: Alternatives to excitonic lasing. Phys. Rev. B 75, 115203 (2007)
P. Kinsler, D.M. Whittaker, Linewidth narrowing of polaritons. Phys. Rev. B 54, 4988 (1996)
V. Savona, C. Piermarocchi, Microcavity polaritons: Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening in the strong coupling regime. Phys. Status Solidi A 164, 45 (1997)
J.J. Baumberg, A. Armitage, M.S. Skolnick, J.S. Roberts, Suppressed polariton scattering in semiconductor microcavities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 661 (1998)
P. Borri, J.R. Jensen, W. Langbein, J.M. Hvam, Direct evidence of reduced dynamic scattering in the lower polariton of a semiconductor microcavity. Phys. Rev. B 61, R13377 (2000)
J. Kasprzak, D.D. Solnyshkov, R. André, L.S. Dang, G. Malpuech, Formation of an exciton polariton condensate: Thermodynamic versus kinetic regimes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 146404 (2008)
L. Sun, S. Sun, H. Dong, W. Xie, M. Richard, L. Zhou, L.S. Dang, X. Shen, Z. Chen, Room temperature one-dimensional polariton condensate in a ZnO microwire (2010). arXiv:1007.4686v1
M. Abbarchi, V. Ardizzone, T. Lecomte, A. Lemaître, I. Sagnes, P. Senellart, J. Bloch, P. Roussignol, J. Tignon, One-dimensional microcavity-based optical parametric oscillator: Generation of balanced twin beams in strong and weak coupling regime. Phys. Rev. B 83, 201310 (2011)
M. Wouters, Resonant polariton-polariton scattering in semiconductor microcavities. Phys. Rev. B 76, 045319 (2007)
C. Chin, R. Grimm, P. Julienne, E. Tiesinga, Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1225 (2010)
A. Trichet, F. Médard, J. Zuniga-Perez, B. Alloing, M. Richard, From strong to weak coupling regime in a single GaN microwire up to room temperature. New J. Phys. 14, 073004 (2012)
Acknowledgements
FM, AT, LSD and MR acknowledge financial support by the ERC starting grant No. 258608.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Médard, F., Trichet, A., Chen, Z., Dang, L.S., Richard, M. (2013). Toward Room Temperature One-Dimensional Quantum Fluid in the Solid State: Exciton Polaritons in Zinc Oxide Microwires. In: Bramati, A., Modugno, M. (eds) Physics of Quantum Fluids. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, vol 177. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37569-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37569-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37568-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37569-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)