Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders pp 567–588Cite as

Physiologic and Dentofacial Effects of Mouth Breathing Compared to Nasal Breathing

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

A change in the mode of respiration, such as mouth breathing due to an inadequate nasal airway, could affect craniocervical posture, maxillomandibular relationship, and position of the tongue. This in turn could cause changes in dentofacial growth and positions of the teeth. The reported dentofacial and physiologic changes range from long anterior facial height, a retrognathic mandible, an open-mouthed posture, and extended head position to intraoral ramifications such as open bite, increased overjet, deep palatal vault, halitosis, increased caries, and gingivitis. These changes depend on the frequency, severity, and duration of the action as well as other factors such as genetic features, variability in functional demands, and age. Treatment of patients with a diagnosis of mouth breathing needs to be a conjunct effort between otolaryngologist, pediatrician, and orthodontist. Etiology is the key factor in establishing a treatment plan. To determine the etiology, objective evaluation of mouth breathing is important. If the cause of mouth breathing is obstructive, elimination of the obstruction is necessary to prevent abnormal facial and dental growth. In cases of obstructive adenoids and tonsils or allergic rhinitis, surgical or medical treatment is frequently indicated. Favorable changes in dentofacial structures and head posture are seen in these patients, especially when treatment is performed at an earlier age. Some of these patients may further need orthodontic treatment if they have already developed malocclusions. Depending on the severity of the malocclusion, the orthodontic treatment plan may include myofunctional therapy, maxillary expansion, use of functional appliances, dentofacial orthopedics, or orthognathic treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Angle EH. Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth and fractures of the maxillae: Angle’s system. 6th ed. Philadelphia: The SS White Dental Manufacturing Co; 1900. p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babacan H, Sokucu O, Doruk C, Ay S. Rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted maxillary expansion effects on nasal volume. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:66–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baik UB, Suzuki M, Ikeda K, Sugawara J, Mitani H. Relationship between cephalometric characteristics and obstructive sites in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:124–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey LJ, Simmons KE, Warren DW. Orthodontic problems in children. In: Bluestone CD, Stool SE, Kenna MA, editors. Pediatric otolaryngology, vol. 2. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1996. p. 1036.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balyeat RM, Bowen R. Facial and dental deformities due to perennial nasal allergy in children. Int J Orthod Dent Child. 1934;20:445–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basciftci FA, Mutlu N, Karaman AI, Malkoc S, Küçükkolbasi H. Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions? Angle Orthod. 2002;72:118–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicakci AA, Agar U, Sökücü O, Babacan H, Doruk C. Nasal airway changes due to rapid maxillary expansion timing. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:1–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bresolin D, Shapiro PA, Shapiro GG, Chapko MK, Dassel S. Mouth breathing in allergic children: its relationship to dentofacial development. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:334–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaaban M, Corey JP. Assessing nasal air flow: options and utility. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011;8:70–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaves TC, de Andrade e Silva TS, Monteiro SA, Watanabe PC, Oliveira AS, Grossi DB. Craniocervical posture and hyoid bone position in children with mild and moderate asthma and mouth breathing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:1021–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen MB. Orthodontic problems associated with allergy. Angle Orthod. 1937;7:150–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compadretti GC, Tasca I, Bonetti GA. Nasal airway measurements in children treated by rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20:385–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cross DL, McDonald JP. Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on skeletal dental, and nasal structures: a postero-anterior cephalometric study. Eur J Orthod. 2002;22:519–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouse U, Laine-Alava MT, Warren DW, Wood CL. A longitudinal study of nasal airway size from age 9 to age 13. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:413–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuccia AM, Lotti M, Caradonna D. Oral breathing and head posture. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:77–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doruk C, Sökücü O, Sezer H, Canbay E. Evaluation of nasal airway resistance during rapid maxillary expansion using acoustic rhinometry. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26:397–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duke WW. Deformity of the face caused by nasal allergy in childhood. Arch Otolaryngol. 1930;12:493–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingsen R, Vandevanter C, Shapiro P, Shapiro G. Temporal variation in nasal and oral breathing in children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:411–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emslie RD, Massler M, Zwemer JD. Mouth breathing: etiology and effects. J Am Dent Assoc. 1952;44:506–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fields HW, Warren DW, Black K, Phillips CL. Relationship between vertical dentofacial morphology and respiration in adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99:147–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith JL, Stool SE. George Catlin’s concepts on mouth-breathing, as presented by Dr. Edward H. Angle. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:75–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez HE, Manns A. Forward head posture: its structural and functional influence on the stomatognathic system, a conceptual study. Cranio. 1996;14:71–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon JM, Rosenblatt M, Witmans M, Carey JP, Heo G, Major PW, et al. Rapid palatal expansion effects on nasal airway dimensions as measured by acoustic rhinometry. A systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:1000–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross CW, Harrison SE. Tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Rev. 2000;21:75–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurley WH, Vig PS. A technique for the simultaneous measurement of nasal and oral respiration. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:33–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gwynne-Evans E, Ballard CF. Discussion on the mouth-breather. Proc R Soc Med. 1959;51:279–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas AJ. Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1961;31:73–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hairfield WM, Warren DW, Hinton VA, Seaton D. Inspiratory and expiratory effects on nasal breathing. Cleft Palate J. 1987;24:183–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hairfield WM, Warren DW, Seaton DL. Prevalence of mouthbreathing in cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate J. 1988;25:135–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannuksela A. The effect of moderate and severe atrophy on the facial skeleton. Eur J Orthod. 1981;3:187–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannuksela A. The effect of atrophy on the dentition. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:279–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvold EP. The role of function in the etiology and treatment of malocclusion. Am J Orthod. 1968;54:883–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvold EP, Chierici G, Vargervik K. Experiments on the development of dental malocclusions. Am J Orthod. 1972;61:38–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvold EP, Vargervik K, Chierici G. Primate experiments on oral sensation and dental malocclusions. Am J Orthod. 1973;63:494–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvold EP, Tomer BS, Vargervik K, Chierici G. Primate experiments on oral respiration. Am J Orthod. 1981;79:359–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershey HG, Stewart BL, Warren DW. Changes in nasal airway resistance associated with rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod. 1976;69:274–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard CC. Inherent growth and its influence on malocclusion. J Am Dent Assoc. 1932;19:642–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang ZL, Ong KL, Goh SY, Liew HL, Yeoh KH, Wang DY. Assessment of nasal cycle by acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;128:510–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huber RE, Reynolds JW. A dentofacial study of male students at the University of Michigan in the physical hardening program. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1946;32:1–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys HF, Leighton BC. A survey of antero-posterior abnormalities of the jaws in children between the ages of 2 and 5 1/2 years of age. Br Dent J. 1950;88:3–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James WW, Hastings S. Discussion on mouth-breathing and nasal obstruction. Proc R Soc Med. 1932;25:1343–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingsley WS. A treatise on oral deformities as a branch of mechanical surgery. New York: D. Appleton Company; 1889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koski K, Lähdemäki P. Adaptation of the mandible in children with adenoids. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:660–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L’Estrange PR, Battagel JM, Harkness B, Spratley MH, Nolan PJ, Jorgensen GI. A method of studying adaptive changes of the oropharynx to variation in mandibular position in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. J Oral Rehabil. 1996;23:699–711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laine T, Warren DW. Effects of age, gender and body size on nasal cross-sectional area in children. Eur J Orthod. 1991;13:311–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leech HL. A clinical analysis of orofacial morphology and behavior of 500 patients attending an upper respiratory research clinic. Dent Pract. 1958;9:57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linder-Aronson S. Adenoids. Their effect on mode of breathing and nasal airflow and their relationship to characteristics of the facial skeleton and the dentition. A biometric, rhino-manometric and cephalometro-radiographic study on children with and without adenoids. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1970;265:1–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linder-Aronson S. Effects of adenoidectomy on dentition and nasopharynx. Am J Orthod. 1974;65:1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linder-Aronson S, Woodside DG, Lundström A. Mandibular growth direction following adenoidectomy. Am J Orthod. 1986;89:273–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks MB. Allergy in relation to orofacial dental deformities in children: a review. J Allergy. 1965;36:293–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maw AR, Jeans WD, Fernando DCJ. Inter-observer variability in the clinical and radiological assessment of adenoid size, and the correlation with adenoid volume. Clin Otolaryngol. 1981;2:317–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melsen B, Attina L, Santuari M, Attina A. Relationships between swallowing pattern, mode of respiration, and development of malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 1987;57: 113–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mergen DC, Jacobs RM. The size of nasopharynx associated with normal and class II malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 1970;40:342–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller HI. The relation of long-continued respiratory allergy to occlusion. Am J Orthod. 1949;35:780–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AJ, Vargervik K, Chierici G. Sequential neuromuscular changes in rhesus monkeys during the initial adaptation to oral respiration. Am J Orthod. 1982;81:99–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AJ, Vargervik K, Chierici G. Experimentally induced neuromuscular changes during and after nasal airway obstruction. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:385–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monini S, Malagola C, Villa MP, Tripodi C, Tarentini S, Malagnino I, et al. Rapid maxillary expansion for the treatment of nasal obstruction in children younger than 12 years. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135:22–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison WW. The interrelationship between nasal obstruction and oral deformities. Int J Orthod. 1931;17:453–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss ML. The functional matrix. In: Kraus B, Riedel R, editors. Vistas in orthodontics. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1962. p. 85–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss ML. The veloepiglottic sphincter and obligate nose breathing in the neonate. J Pediatr. 1965;67:330–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss ML. The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:566–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neiva PD, Kirkwood RN, Godinho R. Orientation and position of head posture, scapula and thoracic spine in mouth-breathing children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:227–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niinimaa V, Cole P, Mintz S, Shephard RJ. Oronasal distribution of respiratory airflow. Respir Physiol. 1981;43:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Kuroda T. Inhibition of masseteric electromyographic activity during oral respiration. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:18–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterkamp BC, Remmelink HJ, Pruim GJ, Hoekema A, Dijkstra PU. Craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology in bilateral cleft lip and palate and obstructive sleep apnea patients. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2007;44:1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul JL, Nanda RS. Effect of mouth breathing on dental occlusion. Angle Orthod. 1973;43:201–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peltomaki T. The effect of mode of breathing on craniofacial growth-revisited. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:426–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmus RL, Jacobs RM. Mouth breathing and malocclusion: quantitative technique for measurement of oral and nasal air-flow velocities. Angle Orthod. 1969;39:296–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts RM. Respiratory obstruction syndrome. Am J Orthod. 1968;54:495–507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodenstein DO, Stanescu DC. Soft palate and oronasal breathing in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1984;57:651–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scarano E, Ottaviani F, Di Girolamo S, Galli A, Deli R, Paludetti G. Relationship between chronic nasal obstruction and craniofacial growth: an experimental model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;45:125–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schendel SA, Eisenfeld J, Bell WH, Epker BN, Mishelevich DJ. The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1976;70:398–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker WL, Jennings BD, Jeiroudi MT, Caruso JM. The effects of chronic absence of active nasal respiration on the growth of the skull: a pilot study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:706–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanker S, Fields HW, Beck FM, Vig PS, Vig KWL. A longitudinal assessment of upper respiratory function and dentofacial morphology in 8- to 12-year-old children. Semin Orthod. 2004;10:45–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro GG, Shapiro PA. Nasal airway obstruction and facial development. Clin Rev. 1984;2:225–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solow B, Kreiberg S. Soft-tissue stretching: a possible control factor in craniofacial morphogenesis. Scand J Dent Res. 1977;85:505–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solow B, Sandham A. Cranio-cervical posture: a factor in the development and function of the dentofacial structures. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:447–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solow B, Tallgren A. Head posture and craniofacial morphology. Am J Phys Antropol. 1976;44:417–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song HG, Pae EK. Changes in orofacial muscle activity in response to changes in respiratory resistance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:436–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sosa FA, Graber TM, Muller TP. Postpharyngeal lymphoid tissue in Angle class I and class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod. 1982;81:299–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subtelny JD. The significance of adenoid tissue in orthodontia. Angle Orthod. 1954;24:59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarvonen PL, Koski K. Craniofacial skeleton of 7-year-old children with enlarged adenoids. Am J Orthod. 1987;91:300–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tecco S, Festa F, Tete S, Longhi V, D’Attilio M. Changes in head posture after rapid maxillary expansion in mouth-breathing girls: a controlled study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:171–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomes CS. On the developmental origin of the v-shaped contracted maxilla. Mon Rev Dent Surg. 1872;1:2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotman CA, McNamara JA, Dibbets JMH, Van der Weele LT. Association of lip posture and the dimensions of the tonsils and sagittal airway with facial morphology. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:425–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ung N, Koenig J, Shapiro PA, Shapiro G, Trask G. A quantitative assessment of respiratory patterns and their effects on dentofacial development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:523–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vargervik K, Miller AJ, Chierici G, Harvold E, Tomer BS. Morphologic response to changes in neuromuscular patterns experimentally induced by altered modes of respiration. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:115–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vig P, Hall D. The inadequacy of cephalometric radiographs for airway assessment. Letter to the editor. Am J Orthod. 1980;77:230–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vig PS, Zajac DJ. Age and gender effects on nasal respiratory function in normal subjects. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1993;30:279–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vig PS, Sarver DM, Hall DJ, Warren DW. Quantitative evaluation of nasal airflow in relation to facial morphology. Am J Orthod. 1981;79:263–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vig PS, Spalding PM, Lints RR. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for impaired nasal respiration. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99:354–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DW, Spalding PM. Dentofacial morphology and breathing: a century of controversy. In: Melsen B, editor. Current controversies in orthodontics. 1st ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Company; 1991. p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren DW, Duany LF, Fischer ND. Nasal airway resistance in normal and cleft lip and palate subjects. Cleft Palate J. 1969;6:134–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DW, Lehman MD, Hinton V. Analysis of simulated upper airway breathing. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:197–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DW, Hinton VA, Hairfield WM. Measurement of nasal and oral respiration using inductive plethysmography. Am J Orthod. 1986;89:480–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DW, Turvey TA, Hairfield WM. The nasal airway following maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:111–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DW, Hairfield WM, Seaton D, Hinton VA. The relationship between size of the nasal airway and nasal-oral breathing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;93:289–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DW, Hairfield WM, Dalston ET. Nasal airway impairment: the oral response in cleft palate patients. Am J Orthod. 1991;99:346–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel A, Henriksen J, Melsen B. Nasal respiratory resistance and head posture: effect of intranasal corticosteroid (Budesonide) in children with asthma and perennial rhinitis. Am J Orthod. 1983;84: 422–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel A, Højensgaard E, Hendriksen JM. Craniofacial morphology and head posture in children with asthma and perennial rhinitis. Eur J Orthod. 1985;7:83–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodside DG, Linder-Aronson S. The channelization of upper and lower anterior face heights compared to population standard in males between ages 6 to 20 years. Eur J Orthod. 1979;1:25–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodside DG, Linder-Aronson S, Lundström A, McWilliam J. Mandibular and maxillary growth after changed mode of breathing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:1–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada T, Tanne K, Miyamoto K, Yamauchi K. Influences of nasal respiratory obstruction on craniofacial growth in young Macaca fuscata monkeys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:38–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06100, Turkey

    Tulin Taner DDS, PhD & Banu Saglam-Aydinatay DDS, PhD

Authors
  1. Tulin Taner DDS, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Banu Saglam-Aydinatay DDS, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tulin Taner DDS, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

    T. Metin Önerci

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Taner, T., Saglam-Aydinatay, B. (2013). Physiologic and Dentofacial Effects of Mouth Breathing Compared to Nasal Breathing. In: Önerci, T. (eds) Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37250-6_38

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37250-6_38

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37249-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37250-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation