Abstract
Polysaccharides play an important role in the field of science and technology because of their unique properties. The polysaccharides are available from natural and microbial resources. They are biodegradable as well as nontoxic. Water soluble polymers based on grafted polysaccharides have drawn much attention in recent decades because of their controlled biodegradability, shear stability, and high efficiency in various applications. One of the important applications of polysaccharide-based graft copolymers is in biomedical science—as matrix for controlled/targeted drug delivery. It is observed in authors’ laboratory that rate of release of enclosed drug can be precisely controlled by controlling the grafting/cross-linking efficiency. Thus tailor-made grafted polysaccharides have potential application in drug delivery research. This chapter deals with the techniques employed for the synthesis of grafted polysaccharides, and recent developments took place in author’s laboratory based on application of grafted polysaccharides in controlled/targeted drug delivery.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Maity S, Ranjit S, Sa B (2010) Polysaccharide-based graft copolymers in controlled drug delivery. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2:1350–1358
Kumar A, Singh K, Ahuja M (2009) Xanthan-g-poly (acrylamide): microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and in vitro release behaviour. Carbohydr Polym 76:261–267
Sinha VR, Kumria R (2001) Polysaccharides in colon-specific drug delivery. Int J Pharm 224:19–38
Dey RK, Tiwary GS, Patnaik T, Jha U (2011) Controlled release of 5-aminosalicylic acid from a new pH responsive polymer derived from tamarind seed polysaccharide, acrylic acid, and polyamidoamine. Polym Bull 66:583–598
Coviello T, Matricardi P, Marianecci C, Alhaique F (2007) Polysaccharide hydrogels for modified release formulations. J Control Release 119:5–24
Sen G, Pal S (2009) Microwave initiated synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethylstarch (CMG-g-PAM): application as a novel matrix for sustained drug release. Int J Biol Macromol 45:48–55
Giri A, Ghosh T, Panda AB, Pal S, Bandyopadhyay A (2012) Tailoring carboxymethyl guargum hydrogel with nanosilica for sustained transdermal release of diclofenac sodium. Carbohydr Polym 87:1532–1538
Vijan V, Kaity S, Biswas S, Isaac J, Ghosh A (2012) Microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of acrylamide grafted gellan, application in drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 90:496–506
Rana V, Rai P, Tiwari AK, Singh RS, Kennedy JF, Knill CJ (2011) Modified gums: approaches and applications in drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 83:1031–1047
Mundargi RC, Patil SA, Aminabhavi TM (2007) Evaluation of acrylamide-grafted-xanthan gum copolymer matrix tablets for oral controlled delivery of antihypertensive drugs. Carbohydr Polym 69:130–141
Deshmukh SR, Singh RP (1987) Drag reduction effectiveness, shear stability and biodegradation resistance on guar gum-based graft copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 33:1963–1975
Pal S, Mal D, Singh RP (2007) Synthesis and characterization of cationic guar gum: a high performance flocculating agent. J Appl Polym Sci 105:3240–3245
Singh RP, Pal S, Mal D (2006) A high performance flocculating agent and viscosifier based on cationic guar gum. Macromol Symp 242:227–234
Singh V, Tiwari A, Tripathy DN, Sanghi R (2004) Microwave assisted synthesis of guar-g-polyacrylamide. Carbohydr Polym 58:1–6
Pal S (2009) Carboxymethyl guar: its synthesis and macromolecular characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 111:2630–2636
Brostow W, Lobland HEL, Reddy T, Singh RP (2007) Lowering mechanical degradation of drag reducers in turbulent flow. J Mater Res 22:56–60
Wang L, Zhang LM (2009) Viscoelastic characterization of a new guar gum derivative containing anionic carboxymethyl and cationic 2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio) propyl substituents. Ind Crops Prod 29:524–529
Singh RP, Nayak BR, Biswal DR, Tripathy T, Banik K (2003) Biobased polymeric flocculants for industrial effluent treatment. Mater Res Innovat 7:331–340
Ghosh S, Sen G, Jha U, Pal S (2010) Novel biodegradable polymeric flocculant based on polyacrylamide grafted tamarind kernel polysaccharide. Biores Tech 101:9638–9644
Singh RP, Pal S, Krishnamoorthy S, Adhikary P, Ali SK (2009) High-technology materials based on modified polysaccharides. Pure Appl Chem 81:525–547
Stannett SV (1981) Grafting. Radiat Phys Chem 18:215–222
Schwab E, Stannett V, Rakowitz DH, Magrane JK (1962) Paper grafted with vinyl monomers using the ceric ion method. Tappi 45:390–400
Duke FR, Forist AA (1949) The theory and kinetics of specific oxidation III. The cerate-2-3-butanediol reaction in nitric acid solution. J Am Chem Soc 71:2790–2792
Duke FR, Bremer RF (1951) The theory and kinetics of specific oxidation IV. The cerate 2, s-butanediol reactions in perchlorate solutions. J Am Chem Soc 73:5179–5181
Mino G, Kaizarman S (1958) A new method for the preparation of graft copolymers. Polymerization initiated by ceric ion redox systems. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 31:242–243
Iwakura Y, Kurosaki T, Imai Y (1965) Graft copolymerization onto cellulose by the ceric ion method. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 3:1185–1193
Kurlyankina VI, Molotokov VA, Koz’mina PO, Khripunov AK, Shtennikova IN (1969) On the mechanism of grafting chains of synthetic polymers to cellulose using salts of transition metals. Eur Polym J 5:441–445
Kurlyankina VI, Koz’mina PO, Khripunov AK, Molotkov VA, Novoselova TD (1967) Complexing of cerium with cellulose and other hydroxyl containing compounds. Dokl Akad Nauk USSR 172:344–350
Kulkarni AY, Meheta PC (1967) Oxidation of cellulose by ceric ions. J Appl Polym Sci B Polym Lett 5:209–215
Kulkarni AY, Meheta PC (1968) Ceric ion-induced redox polymerization of acrylonitrile on cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 12:1321–1342
Ogiwara YO, Ogiwara YV, Kubota H (1968) The mechanism of consumption of ceric salt with cellulosic materials. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 6:1489–1499
Nayak BR, Singh RP (2001) Development of graft copolymer flocculating agents based on hydroxypropyl guar gum and acrylamide. Eur Polym J 81:1776–1785
Gupta KC, Sahoo S (2001) Grafting of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate from their binary mixtures on cellulose using ceric ions. J Appl Polym Sci 79:767–778
Mino G, Kaizerman S, Rasmussen E (1959) The oxidation of pinacol by ceric sulfate. J Am Chem Soc 81:1494–1496
Hinz HL, Johnson DC (1967) The mechanism of oxidation of cyclic alcohols. J Org Chem 32:556–564
Duke R (1947) The theory and kinetics of specific oxidation I. The trivalent manganese-oxalate reaction. J Am Chem Soc 69:2885–2888
Singh H, Thampy RT, Chipalkatti VB (1965) Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by manganese sulfate–sulfuric acid. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 3:4289–4293
Mehrotra R, Ranby B (1977) Graft copolymerization onto starch. I. Complexes of Mn3+ as initiators. J Appl Polym Sci 21:1647–1654
Mehrotra R, Ranby B (1977) Graft copolymerization onto starch. II. Grafting of acrylonitrile to granular native potato starch by manganese pyrophosphate initiation. Effect of reaction conditions on grafting parameters. J Appl Polym Sci 21:3407–3415
Mehrotra R, Ranby B (1978) Graft copolymerization onto starch. III. Grafting of acrylonitrile to gelatinized potato starch by manganese pyrophosphate initiation. J Appl Polym Sci 22:2991–3001
Mehrotra R, Ranby B (1978) Graft copolymerization onto starch. IV. Grafting of methyl methacrylate to granular native potato starch by manganese pyrophosphate initiation. J Appl Polym Sci 22:3003–3010
Brockway CE, Moser KB (1963) Grafting of poly (methyl methacrylate) to granular corn starch. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 1:1025–1039
Brockway CE (1964) Efficiency and frequency of grafting of methyl methacrylate to granular corn starch. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2:3721–3731
Kimura S, Takitani T, Imoto M (1962) Vinyl polymerization (LXIV) graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers to starch. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 35:2012–2019
Imoto M, Morita E, Ouchi T (1980) Vinyl polymerisation (CCCLXXVIII) radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate with starch in aqueous solution of Cu (II) ion. J Polym Sci Polym Symp 68:1–11
Katai AA, Schuech C (1966) Mechanism of ozone attack on α-methyl glucoside and cellulosic materials. J Polym Sci part A: Polym Chem 4:2683–2703
Nayak PL, Lenka S, Pati NC (1979) Grafting vinyl monomers onto silk fibers. II. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto silk by hexavalent chromium ion. J Appl Polym Sci 23:1345–1354
Nayak PL, Lenka S, Pati NC (1979) J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 17:3425–3430
Samal RK, Mohanty TR, Nayak PL (1967) J Macromol Sci Chem A 10:1239–1245
Mishra MK, Tripathy AK, Lenka S, Nayak PL (1981) Grafting vinyl monomers onto cellulose. V. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto cellulose using a hexavalent chromium ion. J Appl Polym Sci 26:2769–2771
Lenka S, Nayak PL, Mishra MK (1980) Grafting vinyl monomers onto cellulose. I. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto cellulose using quinquevalent vanadium ion. J Appl Polym Sci 25:1323–1333
Mohanty AK, Patnaik S, Singh BC, Misra M (1989) Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto acetylated jute fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 37:1171–1181
Huang RYM, Immergut B, Immergut EH, Rapson WH (1963) Grafting vinyl polymers onto cellulose by high energy radiation. I. High energy radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto cellulose. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 1:1257–1270
Hebeish A, Mehta PC (1968) Grafting of acrylonitrile to different cellulosic materials by high-energy radiation. Textile Res J 38:1070–1075
Geresh S, Gdalevsky GY, Gilboa I, Voorspoels J, Remon JP, Kost J (2004) Bioadhesive grafted starch copolymers as platforms for peroral drug delivery: a study of theophylline release. J Control Release 94:391–399
Shiraishi N, Williams JL, Stannett V (1982) The radiation grafting of vinyl monomers to cotton fabrics—I. Methacrylic acid to terry cloth towelling. Radiat Phys Chem 19:73–78
Sharma RK, Misra BN (1981) Grafting onto wool 22. Radiation induced grafted copolymerization of methyl methacrylate in water-methanol system. Polym Bullet 6:183–188
Carenza M (1992) Recent achievements in the use of radiation polymerization and grafting for biomedical applications. Radiat Phys Chem 39:485–493
Wang JP, Chen YZ, Zhang SJ, Yu HQ (2008) A chitosan-based flocculant prepared with gamma-irradiation-induced grafting. Biores Tech 99:3397–3402
Madani M (2011) Structure, optical and thermal decomposition characters of LDPE graft copolymers synthesized by gamma irradiation. Curr Appl Phys 11:70–76
Adams S (1983) Recent advances in radiation chemistry of carbohydrates. In: Elias PS, Cohen AJ (eds) Recent advances in food irradiation. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p 149
Edimecheva IP, Kisel RM, Shadyro OI, Kazem K, Murase H, Kagiya T (2005) Homolytic cleavage of the O-glycoside bond in carbohydrates: a steady-state radiolysis study. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 46:319–324
Grubb DT (1974) Radiation damage and electron microscopy of organic polymers. J Mater Sci 9:1715–1736
Fink D (2004) Fundamentals of ion-irradiated polymers, vol 66. Springer, New York, NY
Pietraner MSA, Narvaiz P (2001) Examination of some protective conditions on technological properties of irradiated food grade polysaccharides. Radiat Phys Chem 60:195–201
Kim BN, Lee DH, Han DH (2008) Thermal, mechanical and electrical properties on the styrene-grafted and subsequently sulfonated FEP film induced by electron beam. Polym Degr Stab 93:1214–1221
Dargaville TR, George GA, Hill DJT, Whittaker AK (2003) High energy radiation grafting of fluoropolymers. Prog Polym Sci 28:1355–1376
Farquet P, Padeste C, Solak HH, Gürsel SA, Scherer GG, Wokaun A (2008) Extreme UV radiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate nanostructures onto fluoropolymer foils by RAFT-mediated polymerization. Macromolecules 41:6309–6316
Guilmeau I, Esnouf S, Betz N, Le MA (1997) Kinetics and characterization of radiation-induced grafting of styrene on fluoropolymers. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res Sec B: Beam Interact Mater Atoms 131:270–275
Kimura Y, Asano M, Chen J, Maekawa Y, Katakai R, Yoshida M (2008) Influence of grafting solvents on the properties of polymer electrolyte membranes prepared by γ-ray pre irradiation method. Radiat Phys Chem 77:864–870
Ameduri B, Boutevin B (2004) Well-architectured fluoropolymers. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Gubler L, Slaski M, Wallasch F, Wokaun A, Scherer GG (2009) Radiation grafted fuel cell membranes based on co-grafting of α-methylstyrene and methacrylonitrile into a fluoropolymer base film. J Mem Sci 339:68–77
Lappan U, Geißler U, Uhlmann S (2005) Radiation-induced grafting of styrene into radiation-modified fluoropolymer films. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res Sec B: Beam Interact Mater Atoms 236:413–419
Chen J, Asano M, Maekawa Y, Yoshida M (2007) Polymer electrolyte hybrid membranes prepared by radiation grafting of p-styryltrimethoxysilane into poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) films. J Mem Sci 296:77–82
Tzanetakis N, Varcoe JR, Slade RCT, Scott K (2005) Radiation-grafted PVDF anion exchange membrane for salt splitting. Desalination 174:257–265
Deng J, Wang L, Liu L, Yang W (2009) Developments and new applications of UV-induced surface graft polymerizations. Prog Polym Sci 34:156–193
Deng H, Xu Y, Chen Q, Wei X, Zhu B (2011) High flux positively charged nanofiltration membranes prepared by UV-initiated graft polymerization of methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) onto polysulfone membranes. J Mem Sci 366:363–372
Hua H, Li N, Wu L, Zhong H, Wu G, Yuan Z, Lin X, Tang L (2008) Anti-fouling ultrafiltration membrane prepared from polysulfone-graft-methyl acrylate copolymers by UV-induced grafting method. J Envir Sci 20:565–570
Shanmugharaj AM, Kim JK, Ryu SH (2006) Modification of rubber surface by UV surface grafting. Appl Surf Sci 252:5714–5722
Zhu Z, Kelley MJ (2005) Grafting onto poly (ethylene terephthalate) driven by 172 nm UV light. Appl Surf Sci 252:303–310
Deng J, Yang W (2005) Grafting copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride binary monomer systems induced by UV irradiation. Eur Polym J 41:2685–2629
Thaker MD, Trivedi HC (2005) Ultraviolet-radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate onto the sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated guar gum. J Appl Polym Sci 97:1977–1986
Odian G (2002) principles of polymerization, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, NY
Sen G, Kumar R, Ghosh S, Pal S (2009) A novel polymeric flocculant based on polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethylstarch. Carbohydr Polym 77:822–831
Grassi M, Grassi G (2005) Mathematical modelling and controlled drug delivery: matrix systems. Curr Drug Deliv 2:97–116
Langer RS, Wise DL (eds) (1984) Medical applications of controlled release, applications and evaluation, vol I and II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Al-Saidan SM, Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana V, Rao GS (2005) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of guar gum-based matrix tablets of rofecoxib for colonic drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2:155–163
Krishnaiah YSR, Muzib YI, Bhaskar P, Satyanarayana V, Latha K (2003) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of guar gum-based colon-targeted drug delivery systems of tinidazole in healthy human volunteers. Drug Deliv 10:263–268
Krishnaiah YS, Satyanarayana V, Dinesh Kumar B, Karthikeyan RS (2002) In vitro drug release studies on guar gum-based colon targeted oral drug delivery systems of 5-fluorouracil. Eur J Pharm Sci 16:185–192
Tuğcu-Demiröz F, Acartürk F, Takka S, Konuş-Boyunağa K (2004) In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of mesalazine-guar gum matrix tablets for colonic drug delivery. J Drug Target 12:105–112
Rama Prasad YV, Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana S (1998) In vitro evaluation of guar gum as a carrier for colon-specific drug delivery. J Control Release 51:281–287
Krishnaiah YSR, Indira MY, Bhaskar P (2003) In vivo evaluation of guar gum-based colon-targeted drug delivery systems of ornidazole in healthy human volunteers. J Drug Target 11:109–115
Krishnaiah YSR, Raju PV, Kumar BD, Satyanarayana V, Karthikeyan RS, Bhaskar P (2003) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of guar gum-based colon-targeted drug delivery systems of mebendazole in healthy volunteers. J Control Release 88:95–103
Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana S, Rama Prasad YV, Narasimha RS (1998) Gamma scintigraphic studies on guar gum matrix tablets for colonic drug delivery in healthy human volunteers. J Control Release 55:245–252
Tuğcu-Demiröz F, Acartürk F, Takka S, Konuş-Boyunağa Ö (2007) Evaluation of alginate based mesalazine tablets for intestinal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 67:491–497
Miyazaki S, Nakayama A, Oda M, Takada M, Attwood D (1994) Chitosan and sodium alginate based bioadhesive tablets for intraoral drug delivery. Biol Pharm Bull 17:745–747
Kim MS, Kim JS, Hwang SJ (2007) The effect of sodium alginate on physical and dissolution properties of Surelease-matrix pellets prepared by a novel pelletizer. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 55:1631–1634
Al-Saidan SM, Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana V, Bhaskar P, Karthikeyan RS (2004) Pharmacokinetic evaluation of guar gum-based three-layer matrix tablets for oral controlled delivery of highly soluble metoprolol tartrate as a model drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 58:697–703
Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana S, Rama Prasad YV (1999) Studies of guar gum compression-coated 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets for colon-specific drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 25:651–657
Krishnaiah YSR, Karthikeyan RS, GouriSankar V, Satyanarayana V (2002) Three-layer guar gum matrix tablet formulations for oral controlled delivery of highly soluble trimetazidine dihydrochloride. J Control Release 81:45–56
Momin M, Pundarikakshudu K (2004) In vitro studies on guar gum based formulation for the colon targeted delivery of Sennosides. J Pharm Sci 7:325–331
Alvarez-Manceñido F, Landin M, Martínez-Pacheco R (2008) Konjac glucomannan/xanthan gum enzyme sensitive binary mixtures for colonic drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 69:573–581
Wang W, Wang A (2009) Preparation, characterization and properties of superabsorbent nanocomposites based on natural guar gum and modified rectorite. Carbohydr Polym 77:891–897
Rodrigues A, Emeje M (2012) Recent applications of starch derivatives in nanodrug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 87:987–994
Prabaharan M, Gong S (2008) Novel thiolated carboxymethyl chitosan-g-b-cyclodextrin as mucoadhesive hydrophobic drug delivery carriers. Carbohydr Polym 73:117–125
Wang LC, Chen XG, Zhong DY, Xu QC (2007) Study on poly (vinyl alcohol)/ carboxymethyl-chitosan blend film as local drug delivery system. J Mater Sci Mater Med 18:1125–1133
Reddy T, Tammishetti S (2002) Gastric resistant microbeads of metal ion cross-linked carboxymethyl guar gum for oral drug delivery. J Microencaps 19:311–318
Du J, Zhang S, Sun R, Zhang LF, Xiong CD, Peng YX (2005) Novel polyelectrolyte carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan-chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery. II. Release of albumin in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res B: Appl Biomater 72:299–304
Du J, Sun R, Zhang S, Zhang LF, Xiong CD, Peng YX (2005) Novel polyelectrolyte carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan-chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery. I. Physicochemical characterization of the carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan-chitosan nanoparticles. Biopolymers 78:1–8
Efentakis M, Koligliati S, Vlachou M (2006) Design and evaluation of a dry coated drug delivery system with an impermeable cup, swellable top layer and pulsatile release. Int J Pharm 311:147–156
Liang XF, Wang HJ, Luo H, Tian H, Zhang BB, Hao LJ, Teng JI, Chang J (2008) Characterization of novel multifunctional cationic polymeric liposomes formed from octadecyl quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/cholesterol and drug encapsulation. Langmuir 24:7147–7153
Pal K, Banthia AK, Majumdar DK (2006) Development of carboxymethyl cellulose acrylate for various biomedical applications. Biomed Mater 1:85–91
Bajpai AK, Mishra A (2008) Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based semi-IPNs as carriers for controlled release of ciprofloxacin: an in-vitro dynamic study. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:2121–2130
Sen G, Pal S (2009) A novel polymeric biomaterial based on carboxymethylstarch 2130. and its application in controlled drug release. J Appl Polym Sci 114:2798–2805
Wise LD (2000) Handbook of pharmaceutical controlled release technology. Dekker, New York,NYl
Kydonieus A (1992) Treatise on controlled drug delivery. Dekker, New York, NY
Sumathi S, Roy AK (2002) Release behaviour of drugs from tamarind seed polysaccharide tablets. J Pharm Sci 5:12–18
Singh B, Chauhan N (2009) Modification of psyllium polysaccharide for use in oral insulin delivery. Food Hydrocolloids 23:928–935
Hsieh DS (ed) (1987) Controlled release systems: fabrication technology, vol I. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL
Ghaderi R, Artusson P, Carlfors J (2000) A new method for preparing biodegradable microparticles and entrapment of hydrocortisone in -PLG microparticles using supercritical fluids. Eur J Pharm Sci 10:1–9
Falk R, Randolph TW, Meyer JD, Kelly RM, Manning MC (1997) Controlled release of ionic compounds from poly (L-lactide) microspheres produced by precipitation with a compressed antisolvent. J Control Release 44:77–85
Pal S, Sen G, Mishra S, Dey RK, Jha U (2008) Carboxymethyl tamarind: synthesis, characterization and its application as novel drug-delivery agent. J Appl Polym Sci 110:392–400
Sen G, Pal S (2009) Microwave initiated synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethylstarch (CMS-g-PAM): application as a novel matrix for sustained drug release. Int J Bio Macromol 45:48–55
USP (2003) General chapter <711 > Dissolution, USP 27—The United States Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc., Rockville, MD, p 2303.
Friend DR (1991) Colon-specific drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 7:149–199
Pal S, Ghorai S, Dash MK, Ghosh S, Udayabhanu G (2011) Flocculation properties of polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethyl guar gum (CMG-g-PAM) synthesised by conventional and microwave assisted method. J Hazard Mat 192:1580–1588
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India, for providing necessary facilities to carry out the reported drug delivery study. The authors also earnestly acknowledge the financial support from University Grants Commissions, New Delhi, India, in form of a research grant [No. 36-59/2008 (SR)].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pal, S., Das, R. (2013). Polysaccharide-Based Graft Copolymers for Biomedical Applications. In: Kalia, S., Sabaa, M. (eds) Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36566-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36566-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-36565-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-36566-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)