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Gum-g-Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

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Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers

Abstract

With the increasing concerns on environmental problems, the petroleum-based synthetic polymers gradually highlight their disadvantages and threats to the modern world from the perspective of energy source, resource, and environment. So the naturally renewable polymers have received great developments by virtue of their unique environmental and commercial advantages. The commonly cognitive natural polymers are mainly cellulose, starch, and chitosan, which were intensively researched and got extensive applications in food, fine chemicals, soft-tissue and pharmaceutical engineering, biomedical engineering, artificial sensors, etc. as a substitution of synthetic polymers. But these natural polymers fail to meet all requirements in modern industrial application because their boundedness in structure, solubility, colloidal properties, machinability, and so on. Gums have showed variety of structure and property due to their abundant sources and have gained enormous attention as new families of natural polymers. The original forms of gums have excellent suspension, viscosity, rheological properties, stimuli responsivity, flocculation, and adsorption performance besides the common renewable, biodegradable, nontoxic, and biocompatible characteristics. The usability can be further enhanced through the simple derivatization or graft copolymerization, and the drawbacks of gums such as poor rotting resistance can be improved. Compared with conventional derivatization reaction, graft copolymerization is especially important and effective because it can introduce various functional groups and increase the molecular weight of polymers. The graft copolymerization of gums with various monomers can enhance the intrinsic properties and can also bring new properties that raw gums do not have. The gum-g-copolymers usually showed better thermo- and degradation-resistant properties, high-viscous and shear-resistant properties, stimuli-responsive properties, electric properties, etc. and have been widely applied in many areas, such as drilling additives, flocculating agent, drug delivery carriers, adsorption of toxic heavy metals and dyes, water-saving materials, sand-binding materials, daily chemicals, thickener, electrical biomaterials, and macromolecular surfactants. Thus, this chapter detailedly introduced the types, structure, and derivatives of gums; the synthesis method of graft copolymer; the properties of graft copolymer; and their application domains.

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Abbreviations

AG:

Acacia gum

AMPS:

2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid

APS:

Ammonium persulfate

CAN:

Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate

CAS:

Ceric ammonium sulfate

CG:

Cashew gum

CGG:

Cationic guar gum

CHPTAC:

3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride

CRSG:

Cassia reticulata seed gum

CTG:

Cassia tora gum

DDMC:

Diallyldimethylammonium chloride

FET:

Final decomposition temperature

GG:

Guar gum

GGT:

Gum ghatti

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

IDSG:

Ipomoea dasysperma seed gum

IHSG:

Ipomoea hederacea seed gum

IPSG:

Ipomoea palmata seed gum

k-CGN:

k-Carrageenan

KG:

Konjac gum

KGM:

Konjac glucomannan

KPS:

Potassium persulfate

LBG:

Locust bean gum

LGSG:

Leucaena glauca seed gum

MW:

Microwave

P4V:

Poly(4-vinylpyridine)

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PACA:

Poly(2-acrylamidoglycolic acid)

PAM:

Poly(acrylamide)

PAN:

Poly(acrylonitrile)

PANI:

Poly(aniline)

PCMGG:

Partially carboxymethylated guar gum

PDAM:

Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)

PEA:

Poly(ethylacrylate)

PEMA:

Poly(ethyl methacrylate)

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PGMA:

Poly(glycidyl methacrylate)

PIA:

Poly(itaconic acid)

PMA:

Poly(methacrylic acid)

PMAD:

Poly(methacrylamide)

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PNVF:

Poly(N-vinyl formamide)

PNVP:

Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)

PPO:

Poly(propylene oxide)

PSY:

Psyllium

SA:

Sodium alginate

SD:

Sodium disulfite

TGG:

Tragacanth gum

TK:

Tamarind kernel

UV:

Ultraviolet

XG:

Xanthan gum

XGC:

Xyloglucan

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Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51003112 and 21107116).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 18#, Tianshui middle road, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China

    Aiqin Wang & Wenbo Wang

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  1. Aiqin Wang
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  2. Wenbo Wang
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Correspondence to Aiqin Wang .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Chemistry, Bahra University, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India

    Susheel Kalia

  2. , Chemistry Dept. Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Street, Giza, 12613, Egypt

    M.W. Sabaa

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Wang, A., Wang, W. (2013). Gum-g-Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. In: Kalia, S., Sabaa, M. (eds) Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36566-9_5

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