Abstract
Despite the advances in automatic driving in the last years, running an automatic vehicle in public traffic is still quite a challenge. One of the main components of an automatic car is the environmental perception system. It processes the measurement data of different sensors and provides the basis for the decision algorithms. As part of the project Stadtpilot at TU Braunschweig, a flexible architecture for environmental perception has been developed. This paper presents the architecture’s static view. It offers an easy to use object oriented framework for creating different sensor data fusion applications for vehicle environmental perception. By defining detailed interfaces between the architecture’s elements down to single classes, algorithms and processing stages can be easily replaced to support the developer.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
This Waterfall-model in this paper referres to the model in the data fusion domain and should not be mixed up with the Waterfall-model from development process domain as introduced by Royce (1987).
References
Al-Dhaher, A., Mackesy, D.: Multi-sensor data fusion architecture. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Workshop on Haptic, Audio and Visual Environments and Their Applications, HAVE, pp. 159–163. Ottawa (2004)
Bass, L., Clements, P., Kazman, R.: Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley Professional, Boston (2003)
Bedworth, M.D., O’Brien, J.: The Omnibus model: a new model for data fusion?. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Fusion, pp. 437–444. Fusion, Sunnyvale (1999)
Bertsekas, D.P.: A distributed algorithm for the assignment problem, Lab. for information and decision systems report. MIT, Cambridge (1979)
Blackman, S., Popoli, R.: Design and Analysis of Modern Tracking Systems. Artech House Publishers, Norwood (1999)
Blom, H.A.P., : An efficient filter for abruptly changing systems, Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 656–658. CDC, Las Vegas (1984)
Boyd, R.R.: A Discourse on Winning and Losing: Slides Air University Library. Maxwell, AL (1976)
Buschmann, F., Meunier, R., Rohnert, H., Sommerlad, P., Stal, M.: Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture - A System of Patterns, vol. 1. Wiley, West Sussex (1996)
Carvalho, H.S., Heinzelman, W.B.: A general aata fusion architecture. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Fusion, pp. 1465–1472. Fusion, Cairns (2003)
Darms, M.: Eine Basis-Systemarchitektur zur Sensordatenfusion von Umfeldsensoren für Fahrerassistenzsysteme. Ph.D thesis, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachgebiet Fahrzeugtechnik (2007)
Darms, M., Winner, H.: A modular system architecture for sensor data processing of ADAS applications. In: Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium IV Las vegas, pp. 729–734 (2005)
Dasarathy, B.: Sensor fusion potential exploitation-innovative architectures and illustrative applications. Proc. IEEE 85(1), 24–38 (1997)
Deza, M.M., Deza, E.: Encyclopedia of Distances. Springer, Berlin (2009)
Dietmayer, K.; Kirchner, A. and Kämpchen, N.: Fusionsarchitekturen zur Umfeldwahrnehmung für zukünftige Fahrerassistenzsysteme. In: Maurer, M., Stiller, C. (eds.) Fahrerassistenzsysteme mit maschineller Wahrnehmung. Springer, pp. 59–88. Berlin Heidelberg (2005)
Durrant-Whyte, H.; Rao, B. Hu, H.: Toward a fully decentralized architecture for multi-sensor data fusion. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Vol. 2 of ICRA, pp. 1331–1336. Cincinnat (1990)
Effertz, J.: Sensor architecture and data fusion for robotic perception in Urban environments at the 2007 DARPA Urban challenge. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Robot Vision, pp. 275–290. RobVis, Auckland (2008)
Eidehall, A.; Schon, T., Gustafsson, F.: The marginalized particle filter for automotive tracking applications. In: Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium IV Las vegas, pp. 370–375 (2005)
Freyer, J., Deml, B., Maurer, M., Färber, B.: ACC with enhanced situation awareness to reduce behavior adaptions in lane change situations. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV, Istanbul (2007)
Gad, A., Farooq, M.: Data fusion architecture for maritime surveillance. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Fusion, vol. 1 of Fusion, pp. 448–455. Annapolis (2002)
Kalman, R. E.: A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. J. Basic Eng. 82(D), pp. 35–45 (1960)
Kämpchen, N.: Feature-level fusion of laser scanner and video data for advanced driver assistance systems. Ph.D thesis, Universität Ulm, Institut für Mess-, Regel- u. Mikrotechnik (2007)
Leonard, J., How, J., Teller, S., Berger, M., Campbell, S., Fiore, G., Fletcher, L., Frazzoli, E., Huang, A., Karaman, S., Koch, O., Kuwata, Y., Moore, D., Olson, E., Peters, S., Teo, J., Truax, R., Walter, M., Barrett, D., Epstein, A., Maheloni, K., Moyer, K., Jones, T., Buckley, R., Antone, M., Galejs, R., Krishnamurthy, S., Williams, J.: A perception-driven autonomous Urban vehicle. J. Field Robotics 25(9), 727–774 (2008)
Llinas, J., Bowman, C., Rogova, G., Steinberg, A., Waltz, E., White, F.: Revisiting the JDL data fusion model II. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Fusion, pp. 1218–1230. Fusion, Mountain View (2004)
Mahalanobis, P.C.: On the generalised distance in statistics. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. 2(1), 49–55 (1936)
Markin, M., Harris, C., Bernhardt, M., Austin, J., Bedworth, M., Greenway, P., Johntson, R., Little, A., Lowe, D.: Technology Foresight on Data Fusion and Data Processing. The Royal Aeronautical Society, London (1997)
Mählisch, M.: Filtersynthese zur simultanen Minimierung von Existenz-, Assoziations- und Zustandsunsicherheiten in der Fahrzeugumfelderfassung mit heterogenen Sensordaten. Ph.D thesis, Universität Ulm, Institut für Mess-, Regel- u. Mikrotechnik (2009)
Munkres, J.: Algorithms for the assignment and transportation problems. J. Soc. Ind. App. Math. 5(1), 32–38 (1957)
Munz, M.: Generisches Sensorfusionsframework zur gleichzeitigen Zustands- und Existenzschätzung für die Fahrzeugumfelderkennung. PhD thesis, Universität Ulm, Institut für Mess-, Regel- u. Mikrotechnik (2011)
Ohl, S., Matthaei, R., Müller, M., Maurer, M.: Softwarearchitektur der gitterbasierten Sensordatenfusion desProjekts Stadtpilot. In: Intelligente Transport- und Verkehrssysteme und -dienste Niedersachsen E.V. (eds.), AAET 2011, Automatisierungssysteme, pp. 281–297. Assistenzsysteme und eingebettete Systeme für Transportmittel, AAET, Braunschweig (2011)
Ohl, S., Maurer, M.: A contour classifying kalman filter based on evidence theory. Proceedings of the 14th International IEEE Annual Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 1392–1397. ITSC, Washington, DC, USA (2011)
Park, S.B.: ProFusion2 - D15.12 Final Report: Accessed online on 25.10.2011 http://prevent.ertico.webhouse.net/download/deliverables/ProFusion/202/PR-15000-SPD-v26/D15.12/ProFusion2/Final/Report.pdf (2007)
Polychronopoulos, A., Amditis, A.: Revisiting JDL model for automotive safety applications: the PF2 functional model. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, pp. 1–7. Fusion, Florence (2006)
PRO : PRORETA 1 - PRORETA: Accessed online on 26.04.2012 http://www.proreta.tu-darmstadt.de/proreta_1/projekt_proreta_1/index.de.jsp (2002–2006)
Rosenblatt 1997 Rosenblatt, J.: DAMN: A distributed architecture for mobile navigation. Ph.D thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Robotics institute, Pittsburgh (1997)
Royce, W.W.: Managing the development of large software systems. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering, pp. 328–338. ICSE, Monterey (1987)
Saust, F., Bley, O., Kutzner, R., Wille, J.M., Friedrich, B., Maurer, M.: Exploitability of vehicle related sensor data in cooperative systems. Proceedings of the 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 1724–1729. ITSC, IEEE (2010)
Saust, F., Wille, J.M., Lichte, B., Maurer, M.: Autonomous vehicle guidance on braunschweig’s inner ring road within the Stadtpilot project. Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV, pp. 169–174. Baden-Baden (2011)
Scheunert, U., Lindner, P., Cramer, H., Tatschke, T., Polychronopoulos, A., Wanielik, G.: Multi level processing methodology for automotive applications. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, , pp. 1322–1327. ITSC, Toronto (2006)
Schneider, U.: Sensordatenfusion und Fehlerkalibrierung von umfelderkennenden Sensoren eines Straßenfahrzeuges. Ph.D thesis, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Regelungstechnik (2006)
Shafer, G.: A Mathematical Theory of Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1976)
Steinberg, A.N., Bowman, C.L., White, F.E.: Revisions to the JDL data fusion model. Sensor Fusion: Archit. Algorithms Appl. III 3719(1), 430–441 (1999)
Tatschke, T., Park, S.-B., Amditis, A., Polychronopoulos, A., Scheunert, U., Aycard, O.: ProFusion2 - towards a modular, robust and reliable fusion architecture for automotive environment perception. In: Valldorf, J., Gessner, W. (eds.) Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications, pp. 451–469. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2006)
Thrun, S., Burgard, W., Fox, D.: Probabilistic Robotics. MIT Press, Cambridge (2005)
Ulbrich, S.: Intelligent decision making and maneuver planning for autonomous sriving in urban traffic environments. Diplomarbeit, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Regelungstechnik (2011)
Weiss, T.T.: Hochgenaue Positionierung und Kartographie mit Laserscannern für Fahrerassistenzsysteme. Ph.D thesis, Universität Ulm (2011)
White, F.E.: A model for data fusion. Proceedings of the 1st National Symposium on Sensor Fusion, vol. 2. Orlando (1988)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ohl, S. (2013). Static Software Architecture of the Sensor Data Fusion Module of the Stadtpilot Project. In: Maurer, M., Winner, H. (eds) Automotive Systems Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36455-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36455-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-36454-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-36455-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)