Skip to main content

Bioremediation of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Pollution at HCH Dump Sites

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Knowledge Systems of Societies for Adaptation and Mitigation of Impacts of Climate Change

Abstract

Globally, the period from early the 1950s to late 1980s has shown an increased use of primarily three pesticides namely DDT.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1997) Toxicological profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta- hexachlorocyclohexane; 205–93-0606. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, pp 1–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Baek SY, Choi SD, Chang YS (2011) Three-year atmospheric monitoring of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in polar regions and the South Pacific. Environ Sci Technol 45(10):4475–4482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bajpai A, Shukla P, Dixit BS, Banerji R (2007) Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides in edible oils from different regions of India. Chemosphere 67:1403–1407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakore N, John PJ, Bhatnagar P (2004) Organochlorine pesticide residues in wheat and drinking water samples from Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Environ Monit Assess 98:381–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bala K, Sharma P, Lal R (2010) Sphingobium quisquiliarum sp. nov., P25T a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degrading bacterium isolated from HCH contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:429–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Michael E, Grauer F, Raphael C, Sahm Z, Richter ED (1999) Organochlorine insecticide and PCB residues in fat tissue of autopsied trauma victims in Israel 1984 to 1986. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 18:297–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar VK, Kashyap R, Zaidi SS, Kulkarni PK, Saiyed HN (2004) Levels of DDT, HCH, and HCB residues in human blood in Ahmedabad, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 72:261–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasco C, Lino CM, Pico Y, Pena A, Font G, Silveira MI (2004) Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in honey from the central zone of Portugal and the Valencian community of Spain. J Chromatogr A 1049:155–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Boltner D, Moreno-Morillas S, Ramos JL (2005) 16S rDNA phylogeny and distribution of lin genes in novel hexachlorocyclohexane degrading Sphingomonas strains. Environ Microbiol 7:1329–1338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brittain DR, Pandey R, Kumari K, Sharma P, Pandey G, Lal R, Coote ML, Oakeshott JG, Jackson CJ (2011) Competing S(N)2 and E2 reaction pathways for hexachlorocyclohexane degradation in the gas phase, solution and enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 47:976–978

    Google Scholar 

  • Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Lo′pez- Mahia P, Prada-Rodriguez D, Ferna′ndez-Ferna′ndez E (2006) Evaluation of HCH isomers and metabolites in soils, leachates, river water and sediments of a highly contaminated area. Chemosphere 4:588–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dadhwal M, Jit S, Kumari H, Lal R (2009) Sphingobium chinhatense sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degrading bacterium isolated from an HCH dump site. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:3140–3144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogra C, Raina V, Pal R, Suar M, Lal S, Gartemann KH, Holliger C, van der Meer JR, Lal R (2004) Organization of lin genes and IS6100 among different strains of hexachlorcyclohexane degrading Sphingomonas paucimobilis strains: Evidence of natural horizontal transfer. J Bacteriol 186:2225–2235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fantroussi E, Agathos SN (2005) Is bioaugmentation a feasible strategy for pollutant removal and site remediation? Curr Opin Microbiol 8(3):268–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gangwar MP, Lakhchaura BD, Sud SC (1979) In vitro studies on the effect of certain pesticides on rumen microorganisms of the Buffalo. Indian Vet J 56:1001–1006

    Google Scholar 

  • Garg N, Bala K, Lal R (2011) Sphingobium lucknowense sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degrading bacterium isolated from HCH contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62:618–623

    Google Scholar 

  • Golfinopoulos SK, Nikolaou AD, Kostopoulou MN, Xilourgidis NK, Vagi MC, Lekkas DT (2003) Organochlorine pesticides in the surface waters of Northern Greece. Chemosphere 50:507–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinisch E, Kettrup A, Bergheim W, Martens D, Wenzel S (2005) Persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons (pchc), source oriented monitoring in aquatic media 3. The isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane. Fresen Environ Bull 14(6):444–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley DA, Bidleman TF, Rice CP (1992) In results of the third joint US-USSR bering and Chukchi seas expedition (BERPAC), summer 1988. In: Nagel PA (ed) U.S. fish and wildlife service, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Huisman HO and Smit A (1955) A new synthesis of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 74(2):155–160. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/recl.v74:2/issuetoc

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen LM and Bidleman TF (1996) Air-water gas exchange of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and the enantiomers of a-HCH in arctic regions. J Geophys Res 101:28,837–28,846; corrections 1997, Ibid. 102:19,279–19,282

    Google Scholar 

  • Jit S, Dadhwal M, Prakash O, Lal R (2008) Flavobacterium lindanitolerans sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1665–1669

    Google Scholar 

  • Jit S, Dadhwal M, Kumari H, Jindal S, Kaur J, Lata P, Niharika N, Lal D, Garg N, Gupta SK, Sharma P, Bala K, Singh A, Vijgen J, Weber R, Lal R (2011) Evaluation of hexachlorocyclohexane contamination from the last lindane production plant operating in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:586–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jürgen HJ, Roth R (1989) Case study and proposed decontamination steps of the soil and groundwater beneath a closed herbicide plant in Germany. Chemosphere 18:1163–1169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur J, Verma M, Lal R (2011) Rhizobium rosettiformans sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dump site in India, and reclassification of [Blastobacter] aggregatus Hirsch et al. [1985] as Rhizobium aggregatum comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:1218–1225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar M, Verma M, Lal R (2008) Devosia chinhatensis sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dump site in India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:861–865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari R, Subudhi S, Suar M, Dhingra G, Raina V, Dogra C, Lal S, van der Meer JR, Holliger C, Lal R (2002) Cloning and characterization of lin genes responsible for the degradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers by Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain B90. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:6021–6028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari B, Madan VK, Kathpal TS (2007) Status of insecticide contamination of soil and water in Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess 136:239–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari H, Gupta SK, Jindal S, Katoch P, Lal R (2009) Description of Sphingobium lactosutens sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dump site and Sphingobium abikonense sp. nov. isolated from oil contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:2291–2296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari K, Sharma P, Tyagi K, Lal R (2011). Pseudoxanthomonas indica sp. nov., isolated from Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dumpsite in North India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:2107–2111

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal R, Dogra C, Malhotra S, Sharma P, Pal R (2006) Diversity, distribution, and divergence of lin genes in hexachlorocyclohexane degrading Sphingomonads. Trends Biotechnol 24:121–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lal R, Dadhwal M, Kumari K, Sharma P, Singh A, Kumari H, Jit S, Gupta SK, Nigam A, Lal D, Verma M, Kaur J, Bala K, Jindal S (2008) Pseudomonas sp. to Sphingobium indicum: a journey of microbial degradation and bioremediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. Indian J Microbiol 48:3–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lal R, Pandey G, Sharma P, Kumari K, Malhotra S, Pandey R, Raina V, Kohler HP-E, Holliger C, Jackson C, Oakeshott JG (2010) The biochemistry of microbial degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and prospects for bioremediation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74:58–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lammel G, Ghimb YS, Gradosa A, Gaod H, Hühnerfussc H, Lohmann R (2007) Levels of persistent organic pollutants in air in China and over the Yellow Sea. Atmos Environ 41:452–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li YF (1999) Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) usage and its contamination consequences in the environment: from 1948 to 1997. Sci Total Environ 232:121–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li YF, Bidleman TF, Barrie LA, McConnell LL (1998) Global hexachlorocyclohexane use trends and their impact on the Arctic atmospheric environment. Geophys Res Lett 25:39–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Zhu T, Wang F, Qiu XH, Lin WL (2006) Observation of organochlorine pesticides in the air of the Mt. Everest region. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 63:33–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra S, Sharma P, Kumari H, Singh A, Lal R (2007) Localization of HCH catabolic genes (lin genes) in Sphingobium indicum B90A. Ind J Microbiol 47:271–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik A, Singh KP, Ojha P (2007) Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fish from the Gomti River, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 78:335–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata Y, Tsuda M (2005) Metabolic pathway, genes, and enzymes for the degradation of chlorinated pesticide, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 50(12):1511–1518

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigam A, Jit S, Lal R (2010) Sphingomonas histidinilytica sp. nov. isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)- dumpsite, India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:1038–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osterreicher-Cunha P, Langenbach T, Torres JP, Lima AL, de Campos TM, Vargas EA Jr, Wagener AR (2003) HCH distribution and microbial parameters after liming of a heavily contaminated soil in Rio de Janeiro. Environ Res 93:316–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pal R, Bala S, Dhingra G, Prakash O, Dadhwal M, Kumar M, Prabagaran SR, Shivaji S, CullumJ, Holliger C, Lal R (2005)The hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacterial strains Sphingomonas paucimobilis B90A, UT26 and Sp+ having similar lin genes are three distinct species, Sphingobium indicum sp. nov; S. japonicum sp. nov; and S. francense sp. nov. and reclassification of [Sphingomonas] chungbukensis as Sphingobium chungbukense comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:1965–1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TM, Seech AG, Lee H, Trevors JT (2005) Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) by microorganisms. Biodegradation 16:363–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TM, Lee H, Trevors JT, Seech AG (2006) Full-scale in situ bioremediation of hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:289–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popp P, Bruggemann L, Keil P, Thuss U, Weiss H (2000) Chlorobenzenes and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the atmosphere of Bitterfeld and Leipzig (Germany). Chemosphere 41:849–855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash O, Suar M, Raina V, Dogra C, Pal R, Lal R (2004) Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers from different soil and water samples in Delhi and adjoining areas. Curr Sci 87:73–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Raina V, Hauser A, Buser HR, Rentsch D, Sharma P, Lal R, Holliger C, Poiger T, Müller MD, Kohler H-PE (2007) Hydroxylated metabolites of β- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane: bacterial formation, stereochemical configuration, and occurrence in groundwater at a former production site. Environ Sci Technol 41:4292–4298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raina V, Rentsch D, Geiger T, Sharma P, Buser HR, Holliger C, Lal R, Kohler HP (2008a) New metabolites in the degradation of α and γ- hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH): pentachlorocyclohexenes are hydroxylated to cyclohexenols and cyclohexenediols by the haloalkane dehalogenase LinB from Sphingobium indicum B90A. J Agric Food Chem 56:6594–6603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raina V, Suar M, Singh A, Prakash O, Dadhwal M, Gupta SK, Dogra C, Lawlor K, Lal S, van der Meer JR, Holliger C, Lal R (2008b) Enhanced biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in contaminated soils via inoculation with Sphingobium indicum B90A. Biodegradation 19:27–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinos DA, Villasuso R, Muniategui S, Barral MT, Diaz Fierros F (2007) Using the landfarming technique to remediate soils contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Water Air Soil Pollut 181:385–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RJ, Harcourt RL, Oakeshott JG (1998) Bioremediation of pesticides using enzymes. ACIAR Proc 85:341–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SK, Patnaik KK, Sharmila M, Sethunathan N (1990) Degradation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma- hexachlorocyclohexane by a soil bacterium under aerobic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:3620–3622

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanghi R, Pillai MK, Jayalekshmi TR, Nair A (2003) Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in breast milk from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Hum Exp Toxicol 22:73–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott C, Pandey G, Hartley CJ, Jackson CJ, Cheesman MJ, Taylor MC, Pandey R, Khurana JL, Teese M, Coppin CW, Weir KM, Jain RK, Lal R, Russell RJ, Oakeshott JG (2008) The enzymatic basis for pesticide bioremediation. Indian J Microbiol 48:65–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Raina V, Kumari R, Malhotra S, Dogra D, Kumari H, Kohler H-PE, Buser HR, Holliger C, Lal R (2006) Haloalkane Dehalogenase LinB is responsible for β- and δ- Hexachlorocyclohexane in Sphingobium indicum B90A. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5720–5727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Verma M, Bala K, Nigam A, Lal R (2010) Sphingopyxis ummariensis sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-dumpsite in north India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:780–784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Pandey R, Kumari K, Pandey G, Jackson CJ, Russell RJ, Oakeshott JG, Lal R (2011) Kinetic and sequence-structure-function analysis of known LinA variants with different hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. PLoS ONE 6(9):e25128. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025128

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Lal R (2009) A novel hexachlorocyclohexane degrading bacterium Sphingobium ummariense sp. nov. isolated from HCH contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:162–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S (2007) A Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and surface water of northern indo-gangetic alluvial plains. Environ Monit Assess 125:147–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suar M, van der Meer JR, Lawlor K, Holliger C, Lal R (2004) Dynamics of multi lin gene expression in Sphingomonas paucimobilis B90A in response to different HCH isomers. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:6650–6656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suar M, Hauser A, Poiger T, Buser HR, Müller MD, Dogra C, Raina V, Holliger C, van der Meer JR, Lal R, Kohler HP (2005) Enantioselective transformation of α-HCH by dehydrochlorinases LinA1 and LinA2 from soil bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis B90A. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:8514–8518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toteja GS, Mukherjee A, Diwakar S, Singh P, Saxena BN (2003) Residues of DDT and HCH pesticides in rice samples from different geographical regions of India: a multicentre study. Food Addit Contam 20:933–939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2009) Report of the conference of the parties of the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting. UNEP/POPS/COP.4/38.8 May 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Meer JR, De Vos WM, Harayama S, Zehnder AJB (1992) Molecular mechanisms of genetic adaptation to xenobiotic compounds. Microbiol Rev 56:677–694

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Liere H, Staps S, Pijls C, Zwiep G, Lassche R, Langenhoff A (2003) Full scale case: successful in situ bioremediation of a HCH contaminated industrial site in central Europe (The Netherlands). In: J. Vijgen (ed) Forum book; 7th International HCH and Pesticides Forum: 128–132, Sustainable Development and Ecological Research Center, Kiev, Ukraine

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma M, Kumar M, Dadhwal M, Kaur J, Lal R (2009) Devosia albogilva sp. nov. and Devosia crocina sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dump site. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:795–799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vijgen J (2006) The legacy of lindane HCH isomer production. A global overview of residue management, formulation and disposal. International HCH and Pesticide Association

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijgen J, Abhilash PC, Li YF, Lal R, Forter M, Torres J, Singh N, Yunus M, Tian C, Schäffer A, Weber R (2011) Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) as new stockholm convention POPs—a global perspective on the management of lindane and its waste isomers. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 18(2):152–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW (1989) The pesticide book, 3rd edn. Thomson Publications, Fresno

    Google Scholar 

  • White GL, Larrabee MG (1973) Phosphoinositides and other phospholipids in sympathetic ganglia and nerve trunks of rats.Effects of neuronal activity and inositol analogs (- and -hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane)) on (32 P)-labelling, synaptic transmission and axonal conduction. J Neurochem 20:783–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Xu Y, Li W, Han G, Ling B (2007) PCBs and OCPs in human milk and selected foods from Luqiao and Pingqiao in Zhejiang, China. Sci Total Environ 378:281–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rup Lal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Anand, S. et al. (2013). Bioremediation of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Pollution at HCH Dump Sites. In: Nautiyal, S., Rao, K., Kaechele, H., Raju, K., Schaldach, R. (eds) Knowledge Systems of Societies for Adaptation and Mitigation of Impacts of Climate Change. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36143-2_23

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics